Factors Affecting Development of Alternaria Leaf Spot of Asalio Caused By Alternaria Alternata And Identification of Pathogen

The present study was on management of Alternaria leaf spot caused by Alternaria alternata in Asalio. The disease was found to be very severe in all Asalio growing areas causing heavy destruction. The main aim of this investigation was to find out effect of age of the host, inoculum density in Alternaria leaf spot disease development and molecular identification of pathogen. The result shows that the susceptibility in Asalio increased with increase in age on inoculatios of A. alternata. Maximum disease was obtained in the plants ageing 40 DAS with PDI 55.60 per cent. Among the variously examined levels of inoculum concentrations. The two lower concentrations 1 × 101 and 1 × 102 conidia ml-1 exhibited significant difference in the PDI (20.00 and 31.20 respectively) within each other. 1 × 103 and 1 × 104 conidia ml-1 inoculum levels were found to be significantly at par to each other with PDI (39.20 and 40.80 respectively). 1 × 103 conidia ml-1 inoculum concentration was optimum for causing highest level of disease. After inoculation of inoculum 1 × 103 conidia ml-1, typical leaf spot symptoms were observed on the leaves of Asalio plants. Disease severity according to the scale was 39.20%. For molecular identification, 650 bp internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions (ITS1, 5.8s and ITS2) were amplified through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The nucleotide sequences from ITS regions of the isolates were submitted to NCBI with GenBank accession numbers MA585375.

SYNTHESIS L-LACTIC ACID FROM FERMENTATION OF CASSAVA PULP BY USING TEMPEH INOCULUM

SYNTHESIS L-LACTIC ACID FROM FERMENTATION OF CASSAVA PULP BY USING TEMPEH INOCULUM. This study used cassava waste pulp as a fermentation substrate to produce lactic acid using a tempeh inoculum. Tempeh inoculum is a mixed culture of Rhizopus with Rhizopus oligosporus as the primary fungus. Lactic acid is an organic acid most widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and chemical industries. One of the important uses of lactic acid is as a raw material for producing Polylactic Acid (PLA) biopolymers, namely polymers that can decompose naturally in a relatively fast time. The analysis was performed using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) method and the Box Behnken Design (BBD) experimental design with substrate concentration parameters, inoculum concentration, and incubation time on lactic acid. The fermentation process is carried out using a flask shaker at a temperature of 30 ºC, pH 6.0, and a rotational speed of 150 rpm. The optimum yield for lactic acid is 6.65 g/L. It was acquired at substrate 20 g/L, inoculum concentration 0.30 % (w/v) at an incubation time of 72 hours.

Susceptibility of the banana inflorescence to Blood disease

The bacterium Ralstonia syzygii subsp. celebesensis causes Blood disease of banana, a vascular wilt of economic significance in Indonesia and Malaysia. Blood disease has expanded its geographic range in the last 20 years and is an emerging threat to Southeast Asian banana production. Many aspects of the disease cycle and biology are not well understood, including the ability of different parts of the female and male inflorescence of banana to act as infection courts. This study confirms that the banana varieties of Cavendish, and Kepok ‘Kuning’ are susceptible to Blood disease and that an inoculum concentration of 102 CFU.mL-1 of R. syzygii subsp. celebesensis is adequate to initiate disease following pseudostem inoculation. Data show that infection occurs through both the male and female parts of a banana inflorescence and the rachis when snapped to remove the male bell. The infection courts are the female flowers, the male bell bract scar, the male bell flower cushion, the snapped rachis, and deflowered fingers. The location of these infection courts concurs with the dye studies demonstrating that dye externally applied to these plants parts enters the plant vascular system. Thus, the hypothesis is supported that infection of R. syzygii subsp. celebesensis occurs through open xylem vessels of the male and female parts of the banana inflorescence.

Optimizing bio-ethanol production from cabbage and onion peels waste using yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as fermenting agent

Production of bio-ethanol from lingocellulosic materials is providing a long-term sustainable for fuel supply. Cabbage and onion peels waste is one of cheap source of lignocellosic materials to serve as feedstock for bio-ethanol production. With the objective of evaluating its potential for bio-ethanol production, different concentrations (50g, and 100g) of Cabbage and onion peels waste treated with 1% diluted sulfuric acid and untreated were subjected to batch fermentation for 12 days with 0.5% and 1% yeast inoculums. Percent of bio-ethanol production, cell density and reducing sugars were measured at an interval of 4 days starting from the beginning. Results of these study showed that ethanol production was observed starting from the 4th day of fermentation, but its amount peaked 26.51 from 100g substrate with 1% inoculum on the 8th day of fermentation, and declined on 12th days (21.06%) from the same substrate concentration. Pretreated substrate showed significantly higher ethanol production than untreated. In agreement with ethanol production, cell density and reduction in reducing sugar were observed in the same pattern. Compared ethanol production between untreated substrates yield of 20.96%, and treated substrates yielded of 26.51%. Overall, this study showed that acid pre-treatment, inoculum concentration, fermentation period and substrate concentration affect the amount of bio-ethanol production. Finally, it can be concluded that the production of bioethanol from Cabbage and onion peels waste is economically and environmentally viable. Extensive use of these Wastes for bioethanol production may have twofold advantages, viz. reduction of its negative impact on environmental hygiene and generation of bio-ethanol.

Reactor Design for Biogas Production-A Short Review

Biogas is an alternative to gaseous biofuels and is produced by the decomposition of biomass from substances such as animal waste, sewage sludge, and industrial effluents. Biogas is composed of methane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, and oxygen. The anaerobic production of biogas can be made cheaper by designing a high throughput reactor and operating procedures. The parameters such as substrate type, particle size, temperature, pH, carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio, and inoculum concentration play a major role in the design of reactors to produce biogas. Multistage systems, batch, continuous one-stage systems, and continuous two-stage systems are the types of digesters used in the industry for biogas production. A comprehensive review of reactor design for biogas production is presented in the manuscript.

Modelling Based Analysis and Optimization of Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation for the Production of Lignocellulosic-Based Xylitol

Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) configuration offers efficient use of the reactor. In this configuration, both hydrolysis and fermentation processes are conducted simultaneously in a single bioreactor, and the overall processes may be accelerated. However, problems may arise if both processes have different optimum conditions, and therefore process optimization is required. This paper presents a mathematical model over SSF strategy implementation for producing xylitol from the hemicellulose component of lignocellulosic materials. The model comprises the hydrolysis of hemicellulose and the fermentation of hydrolysate into xylitol. The model was simulated for various process temperatures, prior hydrolysis time, and inoculum concentration. Simulation of the developed kinetics model shows that the optimum SSF temperature is 36 °C, whereas conducting prior hydrolysis at its optimum hydrolysis temperature will further shorten the processing time and increase the xylitol productivity. On the other hand, increasing the inoculum size will shorten the processing time further. For an initial xylan concentration of 100 g/L, the best condition is obtained by performing 21-hour prior hydrolysis at 60 °C, followed by SSF at 36 °C by adding 2.0 g/L inoculum, giving 46.27 g/L xylitol within 77 hours of total processing time. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Comparative study between synthetic and dairy wastewaters in single chamber microbial fuel cell for power generation

To investigate the performance of microbial fuel cell (MFC) with a single-chamber membrane, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is used as a bio catalyst for various synthetic wastewaters rich in carbohydrate and is compared with real dairy wastewater in this experiment. Therefore, the choice of appropriate carbon, nitrogen, NaCl, inoculum content, temperature, and pH process parameters are used for preparing synthetic wastewater was agreed upon by one-variable-at-a time approach. Maximum levels of voltage generation attained from the synthetic wastewater was 485 mV when supple­mented with 1.5 % of lactose as a source of carbon, 0.3 % of ammonium chloride as a decent nitrogen source, 0.03 % of NaCl, inoculum concentration of 3 %, the temperature at 37 oC and pH 7. On the other hand, the maximum voltage attained with real dairy wastewater was 561 mV with high chemical oxygen demand (COD) value of 801 mg l-1. The maximum power density obtained from dairy wastewater was 73.54 mW m-2. Thus, High voltage achieved for MFC operating with real dairy wastewater suggests that it can be used not only for the industrial application to generate more renewable power, but also for the wastewater treatment carried out at the same time.

Optimization of Culture Conditions and Production of Bio-Fungicides from Trichoderma Species under Solid-State Fermentation Using Mathematical Modeling

Agro-industrial wastes suitable for economical and high mass production of novel Trichoderma species under solid-state fermentation were identified by optimizing the culture conditions using a mathematical model and evaluating the viability of the formulated bio-product. Fourteen inexpensive, locally available, organic substrates and cereals were examined using a one-factor-at-a-time experiment. The fungus colonized nearly all substrates after 21 days of incubation, although the degree of colonization and conidiation varied among the substrates. A mixture of wheat bran and white rice (2:1 w/w) was found to support maximum growth of T. asperellum AU131 (3.2 × 107 spores/g dry substrate) and T. longibrachiatum AU158 (3.5 × 107 spores/g dry substrate). Using a fractional factorial design, the most significant growth factors influencing biomass production were found to be temperature, moisture content, inoculum concentration, and incubation period (p ≤ 0.05). Analysis of variance of a Box–Behnken design showed that the regression model was highly significant (p ≤ 0.05) with F-values of 10.38 (P = 0.0027, T. asperellum AU131) and 12.01 (p < 0.0017, T. longibrachiatum AU158). Under optimal conditions, maximum conidia yield of log10 (8.6) (T. asperellum AU131) and log10(9.18) (T. longibrachiatum) were obtained. For wettable powder Trichoderma species formulations, it was possible to maintain conidial viability at room temperature (25 °C) for eight months at concentrations above 106 CFU/g.

Optimizing seedling screening method for anthracnose resistance in watermelon

Among three races of Colletotrichum orbiculare, causes of anthracnose of cucurbits, screening for race 2 resistance was studied under greenhouse conditions at various inoculum concentrations and rated plants on different days post inoculation (DPI). The objectives of this study were optimizing inoculum concentration and phenotyping DPI for seedling resistance. Five inoculum concentrations were compared (2.5 x 104, 5 x 104, 1 x 105, 2.5 x 105, and 5 x 105 conidial spore ml-1). Four watermelon genotypes, ‘Black Diamond’, ‘Charleston Gray 133’, PI 543210, PI 189225, and two cucumber genotypes, ‘Marketer’, and ‘H19 Little Leaf’ were evaluated. Disease was recorded on the percentage of cotyledon area lesion (PCL), severity of hypocotyl lesion (SHL), severity of petiole lesion (SPL), percentage of leaf area lesion (PLL), as well as a disease index (INDX) from 5 to 14 DPI. There was a significant difference among genotypes and inoculum concentrations. The resistant PI 189225 was significantly different (P < 0.05) from the highly susceptible PI 543210. Inoculum 1 x 105 spore ml-1 was at par with 5 x 105 and 2.5 x 105 but significantly different from 5 x 104 and 2.5 x 104 for AUDPS PLL, AUDPS INDX, AUDPS SPL, and AUDPS SHL. Inoculum at 1 x 105 spore ml-1 was the most optimal to differentiate germplasm. Genotype plus genotype-by-environment (GGE) biplot showed that PLL was a representative trait. A single PLL rating on 9 DPI would optimize resources for screening a large set of germplasm for anthracnose resistance in a watermelon breeding program.