Carbon-assimilation Pattern and Fruit-Degrading Enzymes in an Apple Blue Mold, Penicillium expansum

Cryptococcus laurentii is a well-known postharvest biocontrol yeast; however, it cannot provide satisfactory levels of decay control when used alone. Here, we evaluated the effects of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a plant growth regulator, on the biocontrol efficacy of the yeast antagonist C. laurentii against blue mold rot caused by Penicillium expansum in apple fruit. Results showed that the addition of IAA at 20 μg/ml to suspensions of C. laurentii greatly enhanced inhibition of mold rot in apple wounds compared with that observed with C. laurentii alone. The addition of IAA at 20 μg/ml or lower did not influence the population growth of C. laurentii in wounds, but adverse effects were seen on C. laurentii when the concentration of IAA was increased to 200 μg/ml or above in vitro and in vivo. P. expansum infection in apple wounds was not inhibited when the pathogen was inoculated into the fruit wounds within 2 h after application of IAA; however, infection was reduced when inoculated more than 12 h after IAA application. Treatment of wounds with IAA at 20 μg/ml 24 h before pathogen inoculation resulted in significant inhibition of P. expansum spore germination and host infection. Application of IAA at 20 μg/ml also reduced P. expansum infection when it was applied 48 h before pathogen inoculation in the intact fruit. Thus, IAA could reinforce the biocontrol efficacy of C. laurentii in inhibiting blue mold of apple fruit by induction of the natural resistance of the fruit.

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Effects of the combination of Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) and Sporidiobolus pararoseus Y16 on blue mold of apples caused by Penicillium expansum

Biological Control ◽

10.1016/j.biocontrol.2019.04.009 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 134 ◽

pp. 87-94 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Mandour H. Abdelhai ◽

Haroon Elrasheid Tahir ◽

Qiru Zhang ◽

Qiya Yang ◽

Joseph Ahima ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Penicillium Expansum ◽

Blue Mold ◽

Adansonia Digitata ◽

Sporidiobolus Pararoseus

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Occurrence and Phenotypes of Pyrimethanil Resistance in Penicillium expansum from Apple in Washington State

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-07-13-0721-re ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 98 (7) ◽

pp. 924-928 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

R. Caiazzo ◽

Y. K. Kim ◽

C. L. Xiao

Keyword(s):

High Resistance ◽

Apple Fruit ◽

Washington State ◽

Penicillium Expansum ◽

Small Scale ◽

Blue Mold ◽

Resistance Phenotype ◽

Low Resistance

Penicillium expansum is the cause of blue mold in stored apple fruit. In 2010–11, 779 isolates of P. expansum were collected from decayed apple fruit from five packinghouses, tested for resistance to the postharvest fungicide pyrimethanil, and phenotyped based on the level of resistance. In 2010, 85 and 7% of the isolates were resistant to pyrimethanil in packinghouse A and B, respectively, where pyrimethanil had been used for four to five consecutive years. In 2011, pyrimethanil or fludioxonil was used in packinghouse A, and 96% of the isolates from the fruit treated with pyrimethanil were resistant but only 4% of the isolates from the fruit treated with fludioxonil were resistant to pyrimethanil, suggesting that fungicide rotation substantially reduced the frequency of pyrimethanil resistance. No pyrimethanil-resistant isolates were detected in 2010 in the three other packinghouses where the fungicide had been used recently on a small scale. However 1.8% of the isolates from one of the three packinghouses in 2011 were resistant to pyrimethanil. A significantly higher percentage of thiabendazole-resistant than thiabendazole-sensitive isolates were resistant to pyrimethanil. Of the pyrimethanil-resistant isolates, 37 to 52, 4 to 5, and 44 to 58% were phenotyped as having low, moderate, and high resistance to pyrimethanil, respectively. Fludioxonil effectively controlled pyrimethanil-resistant phenotypes on apple fruit but pyrimethanil failed to control phenotypes with moderate or high resistance to pyrimethanil and only partially controlled the low-resistance phenotype.

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Effect of the Yeast Rhodosporidium paludigenum on Postharvest Decay and Patulin Accumulation in Apples and Pears

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-218 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 78 (1) ◽

pp. 157-163 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

RUIYU ZHU ◽

TING YU ◽

SHUANGHUAN GUO ◽

HAO HU ◽

XIAODONG ZHENG ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Adsorption ◽

Penicillium Expansum ◽

Biological Degradation ◽

Blue Mold ◽

High Concentration ◽

Marine Yeast ◽

Postharvest Decay ◽

Biological Treatments ◽

Promising Source

The effect of a strain of marine yeast Rhodosporidium paludigenum on postharvest blue mold and patulin accumulation in apples and pears stored at 23°C was evaluated. The occurrence and severity of apple and pear decay caused by Penicillium expansum were significantly inhibited by R. paludigenum. However, the application of the yeast at a high concentration (108 cells per ml) enhanced patulin accumulation after 7 days of storage; the amount of patulin increased 24.2 times and 12.6 times compared to the controls in infected apples and pears, respectively. However, R. paludigenum reduced the patulin concentration in the growth medium by both biological degradation and physical adsorption. Optimal in vitro patulin reduction was observed at 30°C and at pH 6.0. R. paludigenum incubated at 28°C was tolerant to patulin at concentrations up to 100 mg/liter. In conclusion, R. paludigenum was able to control postharvest decay in apples and pears and to remove patulin in vitro effectively. However, because the yeast induced patulin accumulation in fruit, the assessment of mycotoxin content after biological treatments in postharvest decay control is important. R. paludigenum may also be a promising source of gene(s) and enzyme(s) for patulin degradation and may be a tool to decrease patulin contamination in commercial fruit-derived products.

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Characterization of Penicillium Isolates Associated with Blue Mold on Apple in Uruguay

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2004.88.1.23 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 88 (1) ◽

pp. 23-28 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

M. J. Pianzzola ◽

M. Moscatelli ◽

S. Vero

Keyword(s):

Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽

Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽

Species Level ◽

Penicillium Expansum ◽

Postharvest Disease ◽

Pear Fruit ◽

Blue Mold ◽

Penicillium Spp ◽

Its1 And Its2

Blue mold caused by Penicillium spp. is the most important postharvest disease of apple in Uruguay. Fourteen isolates of Penicillium were recovered from rotten apple and pear fruit with blue mold symptoms, and from water from flotation tanks in commercial apple juice facilities. Phenotypic identification to species level was performed, and the isolates were tested for sensitivity to commonly used postharvest fungicides. Genetic characterization of the isolates was performed with restriction fragment length polymorphism of the region including the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ITS1 and ITS2 and the 5.8SrRNA gene (ITS1-5.8SrRNA gene-ITS2) ribosomal DNA region and with random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers. Both techniques were able to differentiate these isolates at the species level. RAPD analysis proved to be an objective, rapid, and reliable tool to identify Penicillium spp. involved in blue mold of apple. In all, 11 isolates were identified as Penicillium expansum and 3 as P. solitum. This is the first report of P. solitum as an apple pathogen in Uruguay.

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Pre- and Post-harvest Harpin Treatments of Apples Induce Resistance to Blue Mold

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2003.87.1.39 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 87 (1) ◽

pp. 39-44 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Guy de Capdeville ◽

Steven V. Beer ◽

Christopher B. Watkins ◽

Charles L. Wilson ◽

Luís O. Tedeschi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Apple Fruit ◽

Penicillium Expansum ◽

Blue Mold ◽

Apple Trees ◽

Inoculum Concentration ◽

Commercial Formulation ◽

Disease Progress ◽

Promising Strategy ◽

Cold Room ◽

Induce Resistance

Harpin was studied for its ability to induce resistance in apple fruit to blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum after harvest. Red Delicious fruit were harvested and sprayed with harpin at 0, 40, 80, and 160 mg/liter applied as a commercial formulation. At 48, 96, and 144 h after treatment, fruit were wound inoculated with spore suspensions of P. expansum at 103, 5 × 103, or 104 spores/ml. The diameters of the resulting lesions were directly proportional to the inoculum concentration. Fewer fruit treated with harpin became infected relative to the controls, and disease progress was considerably reduced. In a second experiment, apple trees of the cultivars McIntosh, Empire, and Red Delicious were sprayed with different concentrations of harpin 8 or 4 days before harvest. Fruit were harvested, wounded, inoculated with the fungus, and stored in a commercial cold room. Fewer fruit treated with harpin became infected compared with the controls. Greater control resulted from the higher concentrations of harpin, but no difference in control occurred as a function of interval between the spray time and harvest. Spraying apple trees with harpin a few days before harvest is a promising strategy for reducing blue mold decay in storage.

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Biological control of apple blue mold withPseudomonas fluorescens

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/w05-039 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 51 (7) ◽

pp. 591-598 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Hassan-Reza Etebarian ◽

Peter L Sholberg ◽

Kenneth C Eastwell ◽

Ronald J Sayler

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Fluorescent Protein ◽

Biological Control Agent ◽

Major Effect ◽

Penicillium Expansum ◽

Postharvest Disease ◽

Dual Culture ◽

Blue Mold ◽

Iron Chelate ◽

Penicillium Spp

Pseudomonas fluorescens isolate 1100-6 was evaluated as a potential biological control agent for apple blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum or Penicillium solitum. Both the wild-type isolate 1100-6 and a genetically modified derivative labeled with the gene encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP) were compared. The P. fluorescens isolates with or without GFP equally reduced the growth of Penicillium spp. and produced large zones of inhibition in dual culture plate assays. Cell-free metabolites produced by the bacterial antagonists reduced the colony area of Penicillium isolates by 17.3% to 78.5%. The effect of iron chelate on the antagonistic potential of P. fluorescens was also studied. The use of iron chelate did not have a major effect on the antagonistic activity of P. fluorescens. With or without GFP, P. fluorescens significantly reduced the severity and incidence of apple decay by 2 P. expansum isolates after 11 d at 20 °C and by P. expansum and P. solitum after 25 d at 5 °C when the biocontrol agents were applied in wounds 24 or 48 h before challenging with Penicillium spp. Populations of P. fluorescens labeled with the GFP were determined 1, 9, 14, and 20 d after inoculation at 5 °C. The log CFU/mL per wound increased from 6.95 at the time of inoculation to 9.12 CFU/mL (P < 0.05) 25 d after inoculation at 5 °C. The GFP strain did not appear to penetrate deeply into wounds based on digital photographs taken with an inverted fluorescence microscope. These results indicate that P. fluorescens isolate 1100-6 could be an important new biological control for apple blue mold.Key words: Penicillium expansum, P. solitum, postharvest disease, Malus, GFP.

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Control of Postharvest Decay in Pear by Four Laboratory-Grown Yeasts and Two Registered Biocontrol Products

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.1999.83.2.155 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 83 (2) ◽

pp. 155-158 ◽

Cited By ~ 55

Author(s):

David Sugar ◽

Robert A. Spotts

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Syringae ◽

Rhodotorula Glutinis ◽

Penicillium Expansum ◽

First Year ◽

Cryptococcus Laurentii ◽

Blue Mold ◽

Lesion Diameter ◽

Candida Oleophila ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

Second Year

Control of blue mold decay in Bosc pears was studied with the laboratory-grown yeasts Rhodotorula glutinis, Cryptococcus infirmo-miniatus, and two strains of Cryptococcus laurentii, as well as registered biocontrol products Aspire, containing the yeast Candida oleophila, and Bio-Save 11 (now Bio-Save 110), containing the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae. Both thiabendazole (TBZ)-sensitive and TBZ-resistant strains of Penicillium expansum were used. Aspire treatment reduced the average lesion diameter by approximately 65 and 45%, and reduced decay incidence by 27 and 9% with TBZ-resistant and TBZ-sensitive P. expansum, respectively, in the first year of the study, but did not result in significant decay control in the second year. Bio-Save 11 reduced decay lesion diameter by 32 to 72% and incidence by 21 to 40% over the 2 years. In both years, TBZ-sensitive P. expansum was completely controlled by the combination of either C. laurentii (both strains), R. glutinis, or C. infirmo-miniatus with 100 ppm TBZ. With TBZ-resistant P. expansum, control of wound infection with these yeasts alone or with 100 ppm TBZ ranged from 62.9 to 100%. In a packinghouse trial, control by Bio-Save 110 + 100 ppm TBZ and Aspire + 100 ppm TBZ was not different than control by TBZ at 569 ppm, the maximum label rate. The amount of decay following Aspire + 100 ppm TBZ treatment was significantly less than the amount of decay following Bio-Save 110 + 100 ppm TBZ treatment.

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