scholarly journals Effects of Sporidiobolus pararoseus Y16 on Postharvest Blue Mold Decay and the Defense Response of Apples

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Zhao ◽  
Yiwen Sun ◽  
Dongbiao Yang ◽  
Jun Li ◽  
Xiangyu Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Defense Response ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Tube Length ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Germ Tube Length ◽  
Fruit Decay ◽  
Sporidiobolus Pararoseus

The efficacy of Sporidiobolus pararoseus Y16 in controlling postharvest blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum on apples and the defense response involved were evaluated. The results suggested that the decay incidence of blue mold of apples treated by S. pararoseus Y16 was significantly reduced compared with the control. In vitro testing indicated that germination of spores and germ tube length of P. expansum were markedly inhibited by S. pararoseus Y16. Meanwhile, polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), and catalase (CAT) activities and several pathogenesis-related (PR) gene expression levels (including PR3, PR4, PR5, and PR9) were determined. In apples, the activities of PPO, POD, CAT, and PAL were significantly induced by S. pararoseus Y16 treatment compared with the control fruits. The relative expression levels of PR3 and PR4 were significantly induced at 4 and 6 d, while PR5 was significantly induced at 4 and 6 d and PR9 was significantly induced at 4 d. Therefore, the reduction in apple fruit decay by S. pararoseus Y16 treatment could be related to the increased activities of related enzymes and proteins involved in the defense against pathogens, which suggest that S. pararoseus Y16 is a potential antagonistic yeast.

scholarly journals Indole-3-Acetic Acid Improves Postharvest Biological Control of Blue Mold Rot of Apple by Cryptococcus laurentii

2009 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Yu ◽  
Jishuang Chen ◽  
Huangping Lu ◽  
Xiaodong Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Cryptococcus Laurentii ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Biocontrol Efficacy ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid

Cryptococcus laurentii is a well-known postharvest biocontrol yeast; however, it cannot provide satisfactory levels of decay control when used alone. Here, we evaluated the effects of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a plant growth regulator, on the biocontrol efficacy of the yeast antagonist C. laurentii against blue mold rot caused by Penicillium expansum in apple fruit. Results showed that the addition of IAA at 20 μg/ml to suspensions of C. laurentii greatly enhanced inhibition of mold rot in apple wounds compared with that observed with C. laurentii alone. The addition of IAA at 20 μg/ml or lower did not influence the population growth of C. laurentii in wounds, but adverse effects were seen on C. laurentii when the concentration of IAA was increased to 200 μg/ml or above in vitro and in vivo. P. expansum infection in apple wounds was not inhibited when the pathogen was inoculated into the fruit wounds within 2 h after application of IAA; however, infection was reduced when inoculated more than 12 h after IAA application. Treatment of wounds with IAA at 20 μg/ml 24 h before pathogen inoculation resulted in significant inhibition of P. expansum spore germination and host infection. Application of IAA at 20 μg/ml also reduced P. expansum infection when it was applied 48 h before pathogen inoculation in the intact fruit. Thus, IAA could reinforce the biocontrol efficacy of C. laurentii in inhibiting blue mold of apple fruit by induction of the natural resistance of the fruit.

scholarly journals Whole-genome comparisons of Penicillium spp. reveals secondary metabolic gene clusters and candidate genes associated with fungal aggressiveness during apple fruit decay

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e6170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangxi Wu ◽  
Wayne M. Jurick II ◽  
Franz J. Lichtner ◽  
Hui Peng ◽  
Guohua Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Cluster ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Fruit Decay ◽  
Postharvest Rot ◽  
Fungal Interactions

Blue mold is a postharvest rot of pomaceous fruits caused by Penicillium expansum and a number of other Penicillium species. The genome of the highly aggressive P. expansum strain R19 was re-sequenced and analyzed together with the genome of the less aggressive P. solitum strain RS1. Whole genome scale similarities and differences were examined. A phylogenetic analysis of P. expansum, P. solitum, and several closely related Penicillium species revealed that the two pathogens isolated from decayed apple with blue mold symptoms are not each other’s closest relatives. Among a total of 10,560 and 10,672 protein coding sequences respectively, a comparative genomics analysis revealed 41 genes in P. expansum R19 and 43 genes in P. solitum RS1 that are unique to these two species. These genes may be associated with pome fruit–fungal interactions, subsequent decay processes, and mycotoxin accumulation. An intact patulin gene cluster consisting of 15 biosynthetic genes was identified in the patulin producing P. expansum strain R19, while only a remnant, seven-gene cluster was identified in the patulin-deficient P. solitum strain. However, P. solitum contained a large number of additional secondary metabolite gene clusters, indicating that this species has the potential capacity to produce an array of known as well as not-yet-identified products of possible toxicological or biotechnological interest.

scholarly journals Exploring the Biodiversity of Red Yeasts for In Vitro and In Vivo Phenotypes Relevant to Agri-Food-Related Processes

Fermentation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Giacomo Zara ◽  
Maria Grazia Farbo ◽  
Chiara Multineddu ◽  
Quirico Migheli ◽  
Marilena Budroni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Quantitative Composition ◽  
Invasive Growth ◽  
Phenotypic Data ◽  
Plastic Materials ◽  
Fruit Decay

Red yeasts grow on food wastes, show antagonistic activity against food-spoilage microorganisms, produce food supplements, and may be utilized as feed-supplements themselves to positively modulate the quali-quantitative composition of intestinal microbiota. Therefore, they show a variety of possible biotechnological applications in agri-food-related processes. Here, to further explore the biotechnological potential of red yeasts, eleven strains ascribed to different species of the genera Rhodotorula and Sporobolomyces, differing for biomass and carotenoids production, were characterized in vitro for biofilm formation, invasive growth, and growth at the temperature range of 20–40 °C and in vivo for their antagonistic activity against the fungal pathogen and patulin producer Penicillium expansum. Most of them formed cellular MAT and showed invasive growth as well as adhesion to plastic materials. Four strains determined a significant reduction of fruit decay caused by P. expansum on apple fruit while the remaining seven showed different degrees of biocontrol activity. Finally, none of them grew at body temperature (>37 °C). Statistical analyses of both qualitative and quantitative phenotypic data, including biomass and carotenoids production, gathered further information on the most interesting strains for the biotechnological exploitation of red yeasts in agri-food-related process.

scholarly journals Whole-genome comparisons of Penicillium spp. reveals secondary metabolic gene clusters and candidate genes associated with fungal aggressiveness during apple fruit decay

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangxi Wu ◽  
Wayne M Jurick II ◽  
Franz J Lichtner ◽  
Hui Peng ◽  
Guohua Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Cluster ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Fruit Decay ◽  
Postharvest Rot ◽  
Fungal Interactions

Blue mold is a postharvest rot of pomaceous fruits caused by Penicillium expansum and a number of other Penicillium species. The genome of the highly aggressive P. expansum strain R19 was re-sequenced and analyzed together with the genome of the less aggressive P. solitum strain RS1. Whole genome scale similarities and differences were examined. A phylogenetic analysis of P. expansum, P. solitum, and several closely related Penicillium species revealed that the two pathogens isolated from decayed apple with blue mold symptoms are not each other’s closest relatives. Among a total of 10,560 and 10,672 protein coding sequences respectively, a comparative genomics analysis revealed 41 genes in P. expansum R19 and 43 genes in P. solitum RS1 that are unique to these two species. These genes may be associated with pome fruit–fungal interactions, subsequent decay processes, and mycotoxin accumulation. An intact patulin gene cluster consisting of 15 biosynthetic genes was identified in the patulin producing P. expansum strain R19, while only a remnant, seven-gene cluster was identified in the patulin-deficient P. solitum strain. However, P. solitum contained a large number of additional secondary metabolite gene clusters indicating that this species has the potential capacity to produce an array of known, as well as not-yet-identified products, of possible toxicological or biotechnological interest.

scholarly journals Improved Control of Apple and Citrus Fruit Decay with a Combination of Candida saitoana and 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed El-Ghaouth ◽  
Joseph L. Smilanick ◽  
Michael Wisniewski ◽  
Charles L. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Green Mold ◽  
Fruit Decay ◽  
Orange Fruit ◽  
Water Treated Control

A combination of Candida saitoana with 0.2% 2-deoxy-D-glucose to control decay of apple, lemon, and orange fruit was evaluated. Growth of C. saitoana in vitro was reduced by 2-deoxy-D-glucose; however, in apple wounds, the yeast grew as well in the presence of 2-deoxy-D-glucose as in its absence. When applied to fruit wounds before inoculation, the combination of C. saitoana with 0.2% 2-deoxy-D-glucose was more effective in controlling decay of apple, orange, and lemon caused by Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum, and P. digitatum than either C. saitoana or the application of a 0.2% solution of 2-deoxy-D-glucose alone. Increasing the concentration of 2-deoxy-D-glucose from 0.2 to 0.5% did not improve control significantly. The combination of C. saitoana with 0.2% 2-deoxy-D-glucose was also effective against infections established up to 24 h before treatment. When applied within 24 h after inoculation, the combination of C. saitoana with 0.2% 2-deoxy-D-glucose was very effective in controlling blue mold of apple and green mold of orange and lemon. The level of control of green mold was equivalent to imazalil treatment. When either C. saitoana or 0.2% 2-deoxy-D-glucose was applied within 24 h after inoculation, neither had an effect on disease development on apple, orange, or lemon, and the incidence of decay was similar to the water-treated control.

scholarly journals Whole-genome comparisons of Penicillium spp. reveals secondary metabolic gene clusters and candidate genes associated with fungal aggressiveness during apple fruit decay

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangxi Wu ◽  
Wayne M Jurick II ◽  
Franz J Lichtner ◽  
Hui Peng ◽  
Guohua Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Cluster ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Fruit Decay ◽  
Postharvest Rot ◽  
Fungal Interactions

Blue mold is a postharvest rot of pomaceous fruits caused by Penicillium expansum and a number of other Penicillium species. The genome of the highly aggressive P. expansum strain R19 was re-sequenced and analyzed together with the genome of the less aggressive P. solitum strain RS1. Whole genome scale similarities and differences were examined. A phylogenetic analysis of P. expansum, P. solitum, and several closely related Penicillium species revealed that the two pathogens isolated from decayed apple with blue mold symptoms are not each other’s closest relatives. Among a total of 10,560 and 10,672 protein coding sequences respectively, a comparative genomics analysis revealed 41 genes in P. expansum R19 and 43 genes in P. solitum RS1 that are unique to these two species. These genes may be associated with pome fruit–fungal interactions, subsequent decay processes, and mycotoxin accumulation. An intact patulin gene cluster consisting of 15 biosynthetic genes was identified in the patulin producing P. expansum strain R19, while only a remnant, seven-gene cluster was identified in the patulin-deficient P. solitum strain. However, P. solitum contained a large number of additional secondary metabolite gene clusters indicating that this species has the potential capacity to produce an array of known, as well as not-yet-identified products, of possible toxicological or biotechnological interest.

Effects of the combination of Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) and Sporidiobolus pararoseus Y16 on blue mold of apples caused by Penicillium expansum

2019 ◽  
Vol 134 ◽  
pp. 87-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mandour H. Abdelhai ◽  
Haroon Elrasheid Tahir ◽  
Qiru Zhang ◽  
Qiya Yang ◽  
Joseph Ahima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Adansonia Digitata ◽  
Sporidiobolus Pararoseus

scholarly journals Occurrence and Phenotypes of Pyrimethanil Resistance in Penicillium expansum from Apple in Washington State

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (7) ◽  
pp. 924-928 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Caiazzo ◽  
Y. K. Kim ◽  
C. L. Xiao
Keyword(s):  
High Resistance ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Washington State ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Resistance Phenotype ◽  
Low Resistance

Penicillium expansum is the cause of blue mold in stored apple fruit. In 2010–11, 779 isolates of P. expansum were collected from decayed apple fruit from five packinghouses, tested for resistance to the postharvest fungicide pyrimethanil, and phenotyped based on the level of resistance. In 2010, 85 and 7% of the isolates were resistant to pyrimethanil in packinghouse A and B, respectively, where pyrimethanil had been used for four to five consecutive years. In 2011, pyrimethanil or fludioxonil was used in packinghouse A, and 96% of the isolates from the fruit treated with pyrimethanil were resistant but only 4% of the isolates from the fruit treated with fludioxonil were resistant to pyrimethanil, suggesting that fungicide rotation substantially reduced the frequency of pyrimethanil resistance. No pyrimethanil-resistant isolates were detected in 2010 in the three other packinghouses where the fungicide had been used recently on a small scale. However 1.8% of the isolates from one of the three packinghouses in 2011 were resistant to pyrimethanil. A significantly higher percentage of thiabendazole-resistant than thiabendazole-sensitive isolates were resistant to pyrimethanil. Of the pyrimethanil-resistant isolates, 37 to 52, 4 to 5, and 44 to 58% were phenotyped as having low, moderate, and high resistance to pyrimethanil, respectively. Fludioxonil effectively controlled pyrimethanil-resistant phenotypes on apple fruit but pyrimethanil failed to control phenotypes with moderate or high resistance to pyrimethanil and only partially controlled the low-resistance phenotype.

Effect of the Yeast Rhodosporidium paludigenum on Postharvest Decay and Patulin Accumulation in Apples and Pears

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
RUIYU ZHU ◽  
TING YU ◽  
SHUANGHUAN GUO ◽  
HAO HU ◽  
XIAODONG ZHENG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Adsorption ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Biological Degradation ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Marine Yeast ◽  
Postharvest Decay ◽  
Biological Treatments ◽  
Promising Source

The effect of a strain of marine yeast Rhodosporidium paludigenum on postharvest blue mold and patulin accumulation in apples and pears stored at 23°C was evaluated. The occurrence and severity of apple and pear decay caused by Penicillium expansum were significantly inhibited by R. paludigenum. However, the application of the yeast at a high concentration (108 cells per ml) enhanced patulin accumulation after 7 days of storage; the amount of patulin increased 24.2 times and 12.6 times compared to the controls in infected apples and pears, respectively. However, R. paludigenum reduced the patulin concentration in the growth medium by both biological degradation and physical adsorption. Optimal in vitro patulin reduction was observed at 30°C and at pH 6.0. R. paludigenum incubated at 28°C was tolerant to patulin at concentrations up to 100 mg/liter. In conclusion, R. paludigenum was able to control postharvest decay in apples and pears and to remove patulin in vitro effectively. However, because the yeast induced patulin accumulation in fruit, the assessment of mycotoxin content after biological treatments in postharvest decay control is important. R. paludigenum may also be a promising source of gene(s) and enzyme(s) for patulin degradation and may be a tool to decrease patulin contamination in commercial fruit-derived products.

scholarly journals Pre- and Post-harvest Harpin Treatments of Apples Induce Resistance to Blue Mold

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy de Capdeville ◽  
Steven V. Beer ◽  
Christopher B. Watkins ◽  
Charles L. Wilson ◽  
Luís O. Tedeschi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Inoculum Concentration ◽  
Commercial Formulation ◽  
Disease Progress ◽  
Promising Strategy ◽  
Cold Room ◽  
Induce Resistance

Harpin was studied for its ability to induce resistance in apple fruit to blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum after harvest. Red Delicious fruit were harvested and sprayed with harpin at 0, 40, 80, and 160 mg/liter applied as a commercial formulation. At 48, 96, and 144 h after treatment, fruit were wound inoculated with spore suspensions of P. expansum at 103, 5 × 103, or 104 spores/ml. The diameters of the resulting lesions were directly proportional to the inoculum concentration. Fewer fruit treated with harpin became infected relative to the controls, and disease progress was considerably reduced. In a second experiment, apple trees of the cultivars McIntosh, Empire, and Red Delicious were sprayed with different concentrations of harpin 8 or 4 days before harvest. Fruit were harvested, wounded, inoculated with the fungus, and stored in a commercial cold room. Fewer fruit treated with harpin became infected compared with the controls. Greater control resulted from the higher concentrations of harpin, but no difference in control occurred as a function of interval between the spray time and harvest. Spraying apple trees with harpin a few days before harvest is a promising strategy for reducing blue mold decay in storage.

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