The effects of cannabidiol, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, and combinations of cannabidiol and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the open field test and forced swim test

2021 ◽  
Vol 132 (9) ◽  
pp. e6
Author(s):  
Lukasz Dlugosz ◽  
Brian W. Scott ◽  
W. McIntyre Burnham
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Swim Test ◽  
Forced Swim

scholarly journals Evaluation of antidepressant effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Kelussia odoratissima Mozaffarian in male mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-50
Author(s):  
Najmeh Asgharzadeh ◽  
Fatemeh Hajihasani ◽  
Zahra Lorigooini ◽  
Marzieh Mardani ◽  
Hossein Amini Khoei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Hydroalcoholic Extract ◽  
Swim Test ◽  
Forced Swim ◽  
Antidepressant Effects

Background and aims: Depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders with serious impacts on individuals, and is often associated with physiological symptoms. In this study, we investigated the antidepressant effects of Kelussia odoratissima Mozaffarian extract in male mice. Methods: A total of 56 male mice (weight: 25-35 g; age: 6-8 weeks) were used. K. odoratissima Mozaffarian hydroalcoholic extract was prepared by maceration method. The forced swim test, open field test, and splash test were used to investigate the antidepressant effects. The mice were assigned into eight equal groups (n=7 each) as follows: receiving 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/kg of K. odoratissima Mozaffarian extract; receiving 5 mg/kg reserpine; receiving 5 mg/kg reserpine along with 20 mg fluoxetine; and normal saline. All injections were done intraperitoneally for one week before the test. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and antioxidant capacity of serum and brain were also measured in all groups. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test. Results: Extract of K. odoratissima Mozaffarian significantly decreased the immobility time in forced swim test (P<0.001). The extract also significantly increased splash time and elapsed time in the open field test, which was statistically significant compared with reserpinated mice (P<0.001). Reserpine increased MDA levels and decreased the antioxidant capacity of serum and brain, whereas hydroalcoholic extract of K. odoratissima decreased MDA dose-dependently and increased antioxidant capacity (P<0.001). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that hydroalcoholic extract of K. odoratissima has antidepressant effects, but further studies are necessary to investigate the involved mechanisms.

scholarly journals Role of Monoaminergic Neurotransmission on the Antidepressant Effect of Leaf and Root Extracts of Rauwolfia vomitoria on the Locomotion and Immobility of Sprague-Dawley Rats

2020 ◽  
pp. 45-55
Author(s):  
Iroghama I. Asoro ◽  
Osaretin A. T. Ebuehi ◽  
Mariam N. Igwo- Ezikpe
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Monoamine Neurotransmitters ◽  
Root Extracts ◽  
Swim Test ◽  
Forced Swim ◽  
Immobility Time ◽  
Rauwolfia Vomitoria

Rauwolfia vomitoria is one of the medicinal plants which is used traditionally to manage hypertension, diabetes and mental disorder. The scientific evidence to suggest its medicinal use especially in mental health treatment is lacking. This study aimed to investigate the antidepressant-like effect of the leaf and root extracts of R. vomitoria in the rat model using neurobehavioural indices; open field test and forced swimming test. Subsequently, the effect of the extracts on monoamine neurotransmitters system was investigated. The neurobehavioral response of rats by open field test and forced swim test showed that there was a reduction in the explorative tendencies of the rats administered the aqueous and ethanol root extracts (125, 250, 500 mg/kg) compared to the control while forced swim test reduced the immobility time of rats across all treatment groups except 500 mg/kg group. Neurotransmitter levels (serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine) in plasma and brain of rats administered the different concentration of root extracts exhibited significant (p<0.05) increase. Thus, the mode of action may be due in part to the increase in monoamine levels or by suppression of the reuptake of the monoamine neurotransmitters. This study established that R. vomitoria root extract has antidepressant-like effect in rats.

scholarly journals Effect of lethal yellow (AY) mutation and photoperiod alterations on mouse behavior

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-61
Author(s):  
E. Y. Bazhenova ◽  
D. V. Fursenko ◽  
N. V. Khotskin ◽  
I. E. Sorokin ◽  
A. V. Kulikov
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Home Cage ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Swim Test ◽  
Forced Swim ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Immobility Time ◽  
Lethal Yellow

Decrease in natural illumination in fall/winter months causes depressive-like seasonal affective disorders in vulnerable individuals. Obesity is another risk factor of depression. The lethal yellow (AY) mutation causes ectopic expression of agouti protein in the brain. Mice heterozygous for AY mutation (AY/a) are obese compared to their wild-type littermates (a/a). The main aims of the study were to investigate the effects of AY mutation, photoperiod and the interaction between these factors on daily activity dynamics, feeding, locomotor and exploratory activities, anxiety-related and depressive-like behaviors in mild stress condition. Six weeks old mouse males of AY/a and a/a lines were divided into four groups eight animals each and exposed to long- (14 h light and 10 h darkness) or short- (4 h light and 20 h darkness) day conditions for 28 days. Then the behavior of these mice was successively investigated in the home cage, open field, elevated plus-maze and forced swim tests. We did not observed any effect of AY mutation on the general activity, water and food consumption in the home cage; locomotion and exploration in the open field test; anxiety-related behavior in the open field and elevated plus-maze tests. At the same time, AY mutation increased depressive-like immobility time in the forced swim test (F1.28 = 20.03, p = 0.00012). Shortday conditions decreased nocturnal activity in the home cage, as well as locomotion (F1.28 = 16.33, p = 0.0004) and exploration (F1.28 = 16.24, p < 0.0004) in the open field test. Moreover, short-day exposition decreased time spent in the center of the open field (F1.28 = 6.57, p = 0.016) and in the open arms of the elevated plus-maze (F1.28 = 12.08, p = 0.0017) tests and increased immobility time in the forced swim test (F1.28 = 9.95, p = 0.0038). However, no effect of the interaction between AY mutation and photoperiod on immobility time in the forced swim test was observed. Therefore, short-day photoperiod and AY mutation increased depressive-like behavior in the forced swim test by means of different mechanisms.

scholarly journals Electroacupuncture attenuates depressive disorder and gastrointestinal dysfunction in myocardial hypertrophy via upregulation of 5-HT on Rats

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia Li ◽  
Wei Lu ◽  
Wei Huang ◽  
Song Wu ◽  
Yimeng Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Myocardial Hypertrophy ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Gastrointestinal Dysfunction ◽  
Swim Test

Abstract Background: Acupuncture therapy has been described as a preventive and therapeutic technique with low or no risk for a number of conditions related to cardiovascular disease. However, its role in protecting against myocardial hypertrophy (MH) has not been elucidated. This study aimed to investigate whether electroacupuncture (EA) can attenuate MH by upregulating tryptophan 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) metabolism, depressive disorder and gastrointestinal dysfunction in MH rats model.Methods: We assessed the anti-myocardial ischemia effects of EA by using the isoproterenol hydrochloride (ISO)-induced myocardial hypertrophy (MH) rats model. Forty 3-month-old Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into normal, model, EA and sham EA groups, with ten rats in each group. Regression of MH was evaluated by ratio of heart weight/body weight (HW/BW) and ratio of left ventricular weight/body weight (LVW/BW). Ultrastructural observation and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining were evaluated to cardiac pathology. The sucrose preference test (SPT), open field test (OFT), and forced swim test (FSW) were conducted to examine the depression-like behavior. Gastric retention and intestinal transit were evaluated using the carbon powder labeling method, while immunohistochemical staining was used to detect 5-HT expression in the cerebral cortex and ileum.Key findings: EA therapy alleviates rats’ depression-like symptoms. For example, the rate of sucrose solution consumption was higher, the total and central distance traveled in the open field test were increased, and immobility time was decreased in these rats by EA therapy. Furthermore, swimming, struggling and latency to immobility were increased in the forced swim test as well. Expression of 5-HT was increased in the cerebral cortex and ileum after EA treatment.Conclusion: EA improved the ischemic and depressed symptoms, as well as gastrointestinal dysfunction of MH rats model induced by ISO, which may related with 5-HT metabolism.

scholarly journals GC-MS profiling and antidepressant-like effect of the extracts of Hamelia patens in animal model

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajaykumar Rikhabchand Surana ◽  
Rajendra Dayaram Wagh
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Tail Suspension Test ◽  
Chloroform Extract ◽  
Tail Suspension ◽  
Swim Test ◽  
Forced Swim ◽  
Suspension Test

<p class="Abstract">Hamelia patens is used in folk medicine in the treatment of nervous shock. The present study deals to evaluate the antidepressant-like effects of chloroform and methanol extracts of H. patens on the performance of male mice and GC-MS profiling of bioactive extract. Mice were given extracts orally in acute doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg daily for 7 days and then subjected to forced swim test, tail suspension test and open field test. Imipramine (10 mg/kg/day, p.o.) and  fluxetamine (10 mg/kg/day, p.o.) were used as the standard in forced swim test and tail suspension test  respectively. GC-MS profiling of chloroform extract was performed to find out the chemical constituents in bioactive fraction. After one-week treatment, the chloroform extract (100 and 200 mg/kg/day, p.o.) significantly reduced immobility time in forced swim test and tail suspension test (p&lt;0.05). All extracts did not show any significant change in the locomotor activity in open field test. These data indicate that the extract of H. patens possesses antidepressant-like properties in mice without any significant effect on locomotor activity.</p><p><strong>Video Clip of Methodology</strong>:</p><p>4 min 06 sec:   <a href="https://www.youtube.com/v/DDJzDqiwCKU">Full Screen</a>   <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DDJzDqiwCKU">Alternate</a></p>

scholarly journals A comparative analysis of anxiolytic activity of Arnica montana and alprazolam in rats using open field test

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 718
Author(s):  
Puja Jha ◽  
Seema Bhalerao ◽  
Mrunal Dhole
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Physical Dependence ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Anxiolytic Activity ◽  
Combination Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Arnica Montana ◽  
Group I

Background: Anxiety affects around 7.3% of the total population worldwide. Benzodiazepines are preferred anxiolytic agents and are still frequently used in spite of the side effect profile including muscle relaxation, memory disturbances, sedation, physical dependence. Arnica montana, a traditional herb is known to possess significant anxiolytic effect at the dose of 100mg/kg. In this study, Arnica montana has been compared for the first time with alprazolam, a most commonly used anxiolytic drug.Methods: Forced swim test was used to induce anxiety. Anxiolytic action of study drugs which were given orally, was evaluated using Open field test (OFT) in healthy wistar rats of either sex. Behavior of rats, locomotion and number of squares crossed was recorded. Rats were divided into four groups with eight rats in each group. Study groups were Group I Control; Group II Alprazolam 0.08mg/kg; Group III Arnica montana extract (AME) 100mg/kg; Group IV AME + Alprazolam group 100mg/kg+0.08mg/kg. Statistical analysis was done using ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test (p<0.05).Results: Increase in frequency of rearing was significant (p<0.05) in AME group and highly significant (p<0.001) in Alprazolam and combination group in comparison to control. Decrease in frequency of grooming was highly significant (p<0.001) in Alprazolam and combination group. AME also showed significant (p<0.05) decrease in grooming activity.Conclusions: Arnica montana extract showed anxiolytic activity and can be used as an add on drug after further studies and validation in the treatment of anxiety disorders.

scholarly journals Neuroprotective effect of pterostilbene on ketamine induced schizophrenia in mice

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (03) ◽  
pp. 96-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasudha Bakshi ◽  
Devender Palsa ◽  
Nazia Begum ◽  
Jeevan Kommidi ◽  
Kapishwar Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Oxidant Stress ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Activity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Swim Test ◽  
Forced Swim ◽  
Y Maze

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of pterostilbene on the behavior of mice and oxidative stress under the influence of Ketamine induced schizophrenia model. Methods: Schizophrenia was induced in mice by ketamine (50mg/kg/day, i.p, for 14 days). The treatment effect of pterostilbene (10 and 20 mg/kg/day, p.o, for 14 days) were verified on Actophotometer, Y-maze, Forced swim test (FST), open field apparatus, acetylcholinesterase activity and anti oxidant stress-related biomarker (Catalase, GSH, TBARS, SOD) levels in brain tissues. Results: Pterostilbene decreased TBARS, AChE and increased SOD, CAT, GSH levels in mice brain when compared with control group. It also improved spatial recognition memory, decreased mobility time, decreased exploratory behaviour and locomotor activity as evident by improved performance in Y-Maze task, Forced swim test, Open field test and Locomotor activity test. Conclusion: Pterostilbene has a neuroprotective role related atleast in part to an antioxidant mechanism and Anti AChE activity, which could be explored as more effective therapies of schizophrenia and other psychiatric diseases.

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