scholarly journals Role of Monoaminergic Neurotransmission on the Antidepressant Effect of Leaf and Root Extracts of Rauwolfia vomitoria on the Locomotion and Immobility of Sprague-Dawley Rats

2020 ◽  
pp. 45-55
Author(s):  
Iroghama I. Asoro ◽  
Osaretin A. T. Ebuehi ◽  
Mariam N. Igwo- Ezikpe
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Monoamine Neurotransmitters ◽  
Root Extracts ◽  
Swim Test ◽  
Forced Swim ◽  
Immobility Time ◽  
Rauwolfia Vomitoria

Rauwolfia vomitoria is one of the medicinal plants which is used traditionally to manage hypertension, diabetes and mental disorder. The scientific evidence to suggest its medicinal use especially in mental health treatment is lacking. This study aimed to investigate the antidepressant-like effect of the leaf and root extracts of R. vomitoria in the rat model using neurobehavioural indices; open field test and forced swimming test. Subsequently, the effect of the extracts on monoamine neurotransmitters system was investigated. The neurobehavioral response of rats by open field test and forced swim test showed that there was a reduction in the explorative tendencies of the rats administered the aqueous and ethanol root extracts (125, 250, 500 mg/kg) compared to the control while forced swim test reduced the immobility time of rats across all treatment groups except 500 mg/kg group. Neurotransmitter levels (serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine) in plasma and brain of rats administered the different concentration of root extracts exhibited significant (p<0.05) increase. Thus, the mode of action may be due in part to the increase in monoamine levels or by suppression of the reuptake of the monoamine neurotransmitters. This study established that R. vomitoria root extract has antidepressant-like effect in rats.

scholarly journals Effect of lethal yellow (AY) mutation and photoperiod alterations on mouse behavior

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-61
Author(s):  
E. Y. Bazhenova ◽  
D. V. Fursenko ◽  
N. V. Khotskin ◽  
I. E. Sorokin ◽  
A. V. Kulikov
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Home Cage ◽  
Elevated Plus Maze ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Swim Test ◽  
Forced Swim ◽  
Plus Maze ◽  
Immobility Time ◽  
Lethal Yellow

Decrease in natural illumination in fall/winter months causes depressive-like seasonal affective disorders in vulnerable individuals. Obesity is another risk factor of depression. The lethal yellow (AY) mutation causes ectopic expression of agouti protein in the brain. Mice heterozygous for AY mutation (AY/a) are obese compared to their wild-type littermates (a/a). The main aims of the study were to investigate the effects of AY mutation, photoperiod and the interaction between these factors on daily activity dynamics, feeding, locomotor and exploratory activities, anxiety-related and depressive-like behaviors in mild stress condition. Six weeks old mouse males of AY/a and a/a lines were divided into four groups eight animals each and exposed to long- (14 h light and 10 h darkness) or short- (4 h light and 20 h darkness) day conditions for 28 days. Then the behavior of these mice was successively investigated in the home cage, open field, elevated plus-maze and forced swim tests. We did not observed any effect of AY mutation on the general activity, water and food consumption in the home cage; locomotion and exploration in the open field test; anxiety-related behavior in the open field and elevated plus-maze tests. At the same time, AY mutation increased depressive-like immobility time in the forced swim test (F1.28 = 20.03, p = 0.00012). Shortday conditions decreased nocturnal activity in the home cage, as well as locomotion (F1.28 = 16.33, p = 0.0004) and exploration (F1.28 = 16.24, p < 0.0004) in the open field test. Moreover, short-day exposition decreased time spent in the center of the open field (F1.28 = 6.57, p = 0.016) and in the open arms of the elevated plus-maze (F1.28 = 12.08, p = 0.0017) tests and increased immobility time in the forced swim test (F1.28 = 9.95, p = 0.0038). However, no effect of the interaction between AY mutation and photoperiod on immobility time in the forced swim test was observed. Therefore, short-day photoperiod and AY mutation increased depressive-like behavior in the forced swim test by means of different mechanisms.

scholarly journals Evaluation of antidepressant effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Kelussia odoratissima Mozaffarian in male mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-50
Author(s):  
Najmeh Asgharzadeh ◽  
Fatemeh Hajihasani ◽  
Zahra Lorigooini ◽  
Marzieh Mardani ◽  
Hossein Amini Khoei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Hydroalcoholic Extract ◽  
Swim Test ◽  
Forced Swim ◽  
Antidepressant Effects

Background and aims: Depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders with serious impacts on individuals, and is often associated with physiological symptoms. In this study, we investigated the antidepressant effects of Kelussia odoratissima Mozaffarian extract in male mice. Methods: A total of 56 male mice (weight: 25-35 g; age: 6-8 weeks) were used. K. odoratissima Mozaffarian hydroalcoholic extract was prepared by maceration method. The forced swim test, open field test, and splash test were used to investigate the antidepressant effects. The mice were assigned into eight equal groups (n=7 each) as follows: receiving 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/kg of K. odoratissima Mozaffarian extract; receiving 5 mg/kg reserpine; receiving 5 mg/kg reserpine along with 20 mg fluoxetine; and normal saline. All injections were done intraperitoneally for one week before the test. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and antioxidant capacity of serum and brain were also measured in all groups. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test. Results: Extract of K. odoratissima Mozaffarian significantly decreased the immobility time in forced swim test (P<0.001). The extract also significantly increased splash time and elapsed time in the open field test, which was statistically significant compared with reserpinated mice (P<0.001). Reserpine increased MDA levels and decreased the antioxidant capacity of serum and brain, whereas hydroalcoholic extract of K. odoratissima decreased MDA dose-dependently and increased antioxidant capacity (P<0.001). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that hydroalcoholic extract of K. odoratissima has antidepressant effects, but further studies are necessary to investigate the involved mechanisms.

scholarly journals Electroacupuncture attenuates depressive disorder and gastrointestinal dysfunction in myocardial hypertrophy via upregulation of 5-HT on Rats

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia Li ◽  
Wei Lu ◽  
Wei Huang ◽  
Song Wu ◽  
Yimeng Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Myocardial Hypertrophy ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Gastrointestinal Dysfunction ◽  
Swim Test

Abstract Background: Acupuncture therapy has been described as a preventive and therapeutic technique with low or no risk for a number of conditions related to cardiovascular disease. However, its role in protecting against myocardial hypertrophy (MH) has not been elucidated. This study aimed to investigate whether electroacupuncture (EA) can attenuate MH by upregulating tryptophan 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) metabolism, depressive disorder and gastrointestinal dysfunction in MH rats model.Methods: We assessed the anti-myocardial ischemia effects of EA by using the isoproterenol hydrochloride (ISO)-induced myocardial hypertrophy (MH) rats model. Forty 3-month-old Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into normal, model, EA and sham EA groups, with ten rats in each group. Regression of MH was evaluated by ratio of heart weight/body weight (HW/BW) and ratio of left ventricular weight/body weight (LVW/BW). Ultrastructural observation and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining were evaluated to cardiac pathology. The sucrose preference test (SPT), open field test (OFT), and forced swim test (FSW) were conducted to examine the depression-like behavior. Gastric retention and intestinal transit were evaluated using the carbon powder labeling method, while immunohistochemical staining was used to detect 5-HT expression in the cerebral cortex and ileum.Key findings: EA therapy alleviates rats’ depression-like symptoms. For example, the rate of sucrose solution consumption was higher, the total and central distance traveled in the open field test were increased, and immobility time was decreased in these rats by EA therapy. Furthermore, swimming, struggling and latency to immobility were increased in the forced swim test as well. Expression of 5-HT was increased in the cerebral cortex and ileum after EA treatment.Conclusion: EA improved the ischemic and depressed symptoms, as well as gastrointestinal dysfunction of MH rats model induced by ISO, which may related with 5-HT metabolism.

scholarly journals GC-MS profiling and antidepressant-like effect of the extracts of Hamelia patens in animal model

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajaykumar Rikhabchand Surana ◽  
Rajendra Dayaram Wagh
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Tail Suspension Test ◽  
Chloroform Extract ◽  
Tail Suspension ◽  
Swim Test ◽  
Forced Swim ◽  
Suspension Test

<p class="Abstract">Hamelia patens is used in folk medicine in the treatment of nervous shock. The present study deals to evaluate the antidepressant-like effects of chloroform and methanol extracts of H. patens on the performance of male mice and GC-MS profiling of bioactive extract. Mice were given extracts orally in acute doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg daily for 7 days and then subjected to forced swim test, tail suspension test and open field test. Imipramine (10 mg/kg/day, p.o.) and  fluxetamine (10 mg/kg/day, p.o.) were used as the standard in forced swim test and tail suspension test  respectively. GC-MS profiling of chloroform extract was performed to find out the chemical constituents in bioactive fraction. After one-week treatment, the chloroform extract (100 and 200 mg/kg/day, p.o.) significantly reduced immobility time in forced swim test and tail suspension test (p&lt;0.05). All extracts did not show any significant change in the locomotor activity in open field test. These data indicate that the extract of H. patens possesses antidepressant-like properties in mice without any significant effect on locomotor activity.</p><p><strong>Video Clip of Methodology</strong>:</p><p>4 min 06 sec:   <a href="https://www.youtube.com/v/DDJzDqiwCKU">Full Screen</a>   <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DDJzDqiwCKU">Alternate</a></p>

Failure to detect the action of antidepressants in the forced swim test in Swiss mice

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 158-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick R. Suman ◽  
Nathalia Zerbinatti ◽  
Lais Cristina Theindl ◽  
Karolina Domingues ◽  
Cilene Lino de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Butyrate ◽  
Antidepressant Treatment ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Dark Cycle ◽  
Swim Test ◽  
Swiss Mice ◽  
Forced Swim ◽  
Immobility Time ◽  
Effective Doses ◽  
High Doses

ObjectiveThe aims of this study were to replicate previously published experiments and to modify the protocol to detect the effects of chronic antidepressant treatment in mice.MethodsMale Swiss mice (n=6–8/group) housed in reversed light/dark cycle were randomly assigned into receive vehicle (10% sucrose), sub-effective doses (1 and 3 mg/kg) or effective doses (10 and 30 mg/kg) of bupropion, desipramine, and fluoxetine and a candidate antidepressant, sodium butyrate (1–30 mg/kg) per gavage (p.o.) 1 h before the forced swim test (FST). Treatments continued daily for 7 and 14 days during retests 1 and 2, respectively. In an additional experiment, mice received fluoxetine (20 mg/kg) or vehicle (10% sucrose or 0.9% saline) p.o. or i.p. before the FST. Mice housed in reversed or standard light/dark cycles received fluoxetine (20 mg/kg) prior FST. Video recordings of behavioural testing were used for blind assessment of the outcomes.ResultsAccording to the expected, doses of antidepressants considered sub-effective failed to affect the immobility time of mice in the FST. Surprisingly, acute and chronic treatment with the high doses of bupropion, desipramine, and fluoxetine or sodium butyrate also failed to reduce the immobility time of mice in the FST. Fluoxetine 20 mg/kg was also ineffective in the FST when injected i.p. or in mice housed in normal light/dark cycle.ConclusionData suggest the lack of efficacy of orally administered bupropion, desipramine, fluoxetine in the FST in Swiss mice. High variability, due to high and low immobility mice, may explain the limited effects of the treatments.

scholarly journals A comparative analysis of anxiolytic activity of Arnica montana and alprazolam in rats using open field test

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 718
Author(s):  
Puja Jha ◽  
Seema Bhalerao ◽  
Mrunal Dhole
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Open Field Test ◽  
Physical Dependence ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Anxiolytic Activity ◽  
Combination Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Arnica Montana ◽  
Group I

Background: Anxiety affects around 7.3% of the total population worldwide. Benzodiazepines are preferred anxiolytic agents and are still frequently used in spite of the side effect profile including muscle relaxation, memory disturbances, sedation, physical dependence. Arnica montana, a traditional herb is known to possess significant anxiolytic effect at the dose of 100mg/kg. In this study, Arnica montana has been compared for the first time with alprazolam, a most commonly used anxiolytic drug.Methods: Forced swim test was used to induce anxiety. Anxiolytic action of study drugs which were given orally, was evaluated using Open field test (OFT) in healthy wistar rats of either sex. Behavior of rats, locomotion and number of squares crossed was recorded. Rats were divided into four groups with eight rats in each group. Study groups were Group I Control; Group II Alprazolam 0.08mg/kg; Group III Arnica montana extract (AME) 100mg/kg; Group IV AME + Alprazolam group 100mg/kg+0.08mg/kg. Statistical analysis was done using ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test (p<0.05).Results: Increase in frequency of rearing was significant (p<0.05) in AME group and highly significant (p<0.001) in Alprazolam and combination group in comparison to control. Decrease in frequency of grooming was highly significant (p<0.001) in Alprazolam and combination group. AME also showed significant (p<0.05) decrease in grooming activity.Conclusions: Arnica montana extract showed anxiolytic activity and can be used as an add on drug after further studies and validation in the treatment of anxiety disorders.

scholarly journals Interaction between perineuronal nets and ketamine in antidepressant action

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Calvin K Young ◽  
Kachina G Kinley ◽  
Neil McNaughton
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Perineuronal Nets ◽  
Scaffolding Proteins ◽  
Infralimbic Cortex ◽  
Swim Test ◽  
Forced Swim ◽  
Antidepressant Effects ◽  
Immobility Time ◽  
Antidepressant Action

Depression is highly prevalent, increases suicide risk, and is now the leading cause of disability worldwide. Our ability to treat depression is hampered by the lack of understanding of its biological underpinnings and of the mode of action of effective treatments. We hypothesised that the scaffolding proteins in the medial frontal cortex play a major role in effective antidepressant action. We implanted cannulae into the infralimbic cortex to inject chABC and locally remove perineuronal nets and then tested for antidepressant effects with the forced swim test. We further tested if systemic injections of ketamine had an additive effect. Our preliminary data indicate that neither the removal of these scaffolding proteins nor ketamine were sufficient to decrease depression-like behaviour, but may interact synergistically to decrease immobility time in the forced swim test.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Additive or Synergistic Effect of Piper nigram and Ocimum sanctum Extracts for their Antidepressant Activity

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Mohana Rao ◽  
Siva B. ◽  
Mahendra U. ◽  
Vinay K. ◽  
A. Narendra Babu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Antidepressant Activity ◽  
Piper Nigrum ◽  
Ocimum Sanctum ◽  
Alcoholic Extract ◽  
Swim Test ◽  
Forced Swim ◽  
Immobility Time ◽  
Wide Range

Depression is a state of excessive sensitivity to criticism, fear of rejections, lack of self-interest, loss of pleasure. In the traditional systems of medicine, many plants and formulations have been used to treat depression for thousands of years. In recent times, research on the plants increased globally and so many plants provide the evidence to cure diseases. Ocimum sanctum, popularly known as Tulsi is one of the sacred herbs for Hindus in the Indian subcontinent. It has a versatile role in traditional medicine. The fruits of Piper nigrum are used to make black pepper. This hotly pungent spice is one of the earliest known and most widely used spices in the world today. Wide range of animal tests for antidepressant agents are commonly used. The Forced swim test and Tail suspension test in mice were mostly used. Hence in the present study Forced swim test was used as animal model of depression. In present study immobility time in Forced swim test was significantly decreased by a combination of Piper nigrum fruit extract and Ocimum sanctum extract treated groups compared to control group. The combination of extracts (50 mg/kg each) activity was comparable to standard drug Fluoxetine. Treatment with extracts does not modify the locomotor activity of mice, which indicates that they exert antidepressant effects without modifying significantly locomotor activity. Therefore, the present study confirms the combination of alcoholic extract of Piper nigrum (AEPN) fruit and aqueous extract of Ocimum sanctum (AEOS) possessing additive/synergistic antidepressant activity.

scholarly journals Evaluation of antidepressant activity of tramadol in comparison with imipramine in Swiss albino mice

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 695
Author(s):  
Chiranjeevi Bonda ◽  
Sudhir Pawar ◽  
Jaisen Lokhande
Keyword(s):  
Forced Swim Test ◽  
Antidepressant Activity ◽  
Tail Suspension Test ◽  
Antidepressant Effect ◽  
Tail Suspension ◽  
Swim Test ◽  
Forced Swim ◽  
Group I ◽  
Immobility Time ◽  
Suspension Test

Background: The aim of the study was to evaluate the antidepressant effect of opioid analgesic tramadol using forced swim test and tail suspension test models.Methods: The antidepressant effect was assessed by recording the immobility time in Forced swim test (FST) and Tail suspension test (TST). The mice were randomly divided into five groups. Mice belonging to group I was given normal saline (0.1ml/kg) which acted as control. Group II received imipramine (15mg/kg) considered as the standard drug tramadol was given in graded dose (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) to mice of groups III, IV, V respectively. All drugs were administered intraperitoneally for seven successive days; test was done on 7th day.Results: Tramadol and Imipramine showed antidepressant activity when compared to control. There is dose dependent increase in antidepressant activity of tramadol. The antidepressant activity of imipramine was significantly (P<0.05) more than tramadol at dose 10 and 20 mg/kg but antidepressant activity with tramadol 40mg/kg was comparable to imipramine treated mice.Conclusions: The results of this study indicated the presence of antidepressant activity of tramadol at 40mg/kg.

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