Predicting ship waves in sheltered waterways – An application of XBeach to the Stockholm Archipelago, Sweden

Problems related to shipping have increased worldwide during the last decades as a result of more traffic travel-ling at higher speeds and using larger vessels. When ships move in a restricted fairway they generate primary (drawdown) and secondary (transverse and divergent) waves (Bertram 2000) that often cause adverse impact to adjacent shores. An example of this is the Furusund fairway in Sweden, which since the 1980â€™s has experienced increased traffic and larger ships. This has resulted in a loss of natural fine sediment habitats along the shores as well as structural damages to piers and jetties (Granath 2015). Furusund is an important fairway into Stockholm, the capital of Sweden, and is located about 25 km north of the city within the Stockholm archipelago. It is mainly trafficked by large ferries (length/width/draft: 200x30x7m). The wind-wave regime in the fairway can be described as a low-energy environment, due to the short fetches and no swell. Hence, ship waves have a significant impact on the shores in terms of bed and bank erosion. This study aims at determining the primary ship wave characteristics and their relationship to ship properties and bathymetric conditions in the Furusund fairway. Measured water levels were collected for this purpose during three months at three locations. Existing empirical formulas for drawdown are evaluated based on the measurements and compared with a new formula derived for the specific fairway. The results are used for designing nature-based protection against ship-generated waves along the shores and to validate analytical and numerical models that can be employed for ship wave generation and propagation.

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Measurements and Analysis of Primary Ship Waves in the Stockholm Archipelago, Sweden

Journal of Marine Science and Engineering ◽

10.3390/jmse8100743 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (10) ◽

pp. 743

Author(s):

Björn Almström ◽

Magnus Larson

Keyword(s):

Large Data ◽

Field Measurements ◽

Physical Processes ◽

Data Set ◽

Ship Waves ◽

Stockholm Archipelago ◽

New Equation ◽

Water Level Measurements ◽

Marine Vessels ◽

Better Than

Primary ship waves generated by conventional marine vessels were investigated in the Furusund fairway located in the Stockholm archipelago, Sweden. Continuous water level measurements at two locations in the fairway were analyzed. In total, 466 such events were extracted during two months of measurements. The collected data were used to evaluate 13 existing predictive equations for drawdown height or squat. However, none of the equations were able to satisfactorily predict the drawdown height. Instead, a new equation for drawdown height and period was derived based on simplified descriptions of the main physical processes together with field measurements, employing multiple regression analysis to derive coefficients in the equation. The proposed equation for drawdown height performed better than the existing equations with an R2 value of 0.65, whereas the equation for the drawdown period was R2 = 0.64. The main conclusion from this study is that an empirical equation can satisfactorily predict primary ship waves for a large data set.

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Farfield extension of fully nonlinear nearfield ship waves

10.2514/6.1999-548 ◽

1999 ◽

Author(s):

Chi Yang ◽

Rainald Lohner ◽

Francis Noblesse

Keyword(s):

Fully Nonlinear ◽

Ship Waves

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On reference solutions for ship waves

AIP Advances ◽

10.1063/1.5141133 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 025014 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Vladimir G. Gnevyshev ◽

Sergei I. Badulin

Keyword(s):

Ship Waves

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An Asymptotic Solution of Velocity Field in Ship Waves

Journal of Hydrodynamics ◽

10.1016/s1001-6058(06)60109-1 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 387-392 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yun-gang Wu ◽

Ming-de Tao

Keyword(s):

Velocity Field ◽

Asymptotic Solution ◽

Ship Waves

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Urban cloverleaves: origin, aesthetics, and contradictions of the Slussen, Stockholm

Architectural Research Quarterly ◽

10.1017/s135913552100021x ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

Álvaro Clua Uceda

Keyword(s):

Traffic Engineering ◽

City Centre ◽

Compact City ◽

The Baltic Sea ◽

Southern District ◽

Stockholm Archipelago ◽

The Baltic ◽

First Time ◽

Historic City ◽

Different Levels

On 11 October 1935, the inauguration of the Slussen urban cloverleaf took place in front of the excited citizens of Stockholm. It had the attributes of a pure traffic machine taken from the most advanced traffic engineering publications, and it expressed the optimistic cultural modernism that five years ago the Stockholm International Exhibition had promoted.1 This urban cloverleaf was made of translucent glass, reinforced concrete, metallic handrails, and reflective tiles and was meant to solve, in one single gesture, the complex urban link between the Lake Mälaren and the Baltic Sea, between Gamla Stan – the historic city centre – and Södermalm – the southern district built on top of the 35-metre-high plateau [1]. The solution made difficult urban compromises between the foothills of the Brunkeberg topography, the smooth water surfaces of the Stockholm archipelago, the architecture of the historic urban tissue, and the demands of a complex articulated mobility. Boats, goods, suburban trains, subways, trams – later buses – pedestrians, cyclists, and automobiles finally converged on this place at different levels, completing the intricacies of a threedimensional geometry which, for the first time in history, was inserted into a compact city.

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Numerical implementation and validation of the Neumann–Michell theory of ship waves

European Journal of Mechanics - B/Fluids ◽

10.1016/j.euromechflu.2013.05.002 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 42 ◽

pp. 47-68 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

Fuxin Huang ◽

Chi Yang ◽

Francis Noblesse

Keyword(s):

Numerical Implementation ◽

Ship Waves

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Deep Water Ship-Waves

Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh ◽

10.1017/s0370164600008749 ◽

1906 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 562-587 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lord Kelvin

Keyword(s):

Deep Water ◽

Two Dimensions ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Present Communication ◽

Ship Waves ◽

Horizontal Bottom

§§ 32–64. Canal Ship-Waves.§ 32. To avoid the somewhat cumbrous title “Two-dimensional,” I now use the designation “Canal † Waves” to denote waves in a canal with horizontal bottom and vertical sides, which, if not two-dimensional in their source, become more and more approximately two-dimensional at greater and greater distances from the source. In the present communication the source is such as to render the motion two-dimensional throughout; the two dimensions being respectively perpendicular to the bottom, and parallel to the length of the canal: the canal being straight.

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