Effect of parental history of diabetes on markers of inflammation, insulin resistance and atherosclerosis in first degree relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is presently the fastest growing disease and has been recognized to be caused by a collision between inherited parental genes and the environment. The current prevalence in Pakistan of type-2 diabetes mellitus is 26.3%. Out of them 19.2% had disease two to three decades back while 7.1% are recently diagnosed cases. Worldwide burden of disease was 415 million in 2015 and this number will increase to 642 million by 2040. Parental history of diabetes mellitus is a chief reason for the development of T2DM in children, but whether this association derives from shared genetic or environmental factors is unclear. Persistent high blood glucose levels can result in drastic outcomes like Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hyperosmolar non ketotic syndrome. Genome-wide association analyses have uncovered multiple genomic regions associated with T2DM, but identification of the causal variants remains a challenge. This review will discuss the approach of diagnosing T2DM by analyzing the association of gene variants and family history.

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A Possible Early Alteration of Autonomic Activity Assessed by Heart Rate Variability in Saudi Offspring of Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Saudi Journal of Internal Medicine ◽

10.32790/sjim.2011.1.2.4 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 17-23

Author(s):

Daad H. Akbar ◽

Maha A. Hegazi ◽

Hanan A. Al Kadi ◽

Maimona M. Ahmad

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Heart Rate ◽

Heart Rate Variability ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Family History ◽

Family History Of Diabetes ◽

History Of

Background and Objectives: To evaluate cardiac autonomic function in non-diabetic offspring of Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients through assessment of heart rate variability. Autonomic dysfunction was reported in glucose tolerant on insulin-resistant offspring of Type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects. No data is available on cardiac autonomic dysfunction in Saudi offspring of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Subject and Methods: Ninety-seven subjects with family history and 30 subjects with no family history of diabetes mellitus as a control group were studied. Anthropometric and biochemical characteristics (fasting blood glucose, lipids, and insulin resistance) were measured. Heart rate variability parameters were recorded. Results: No significant differences in the anthropometric, biochemical or heart rate variability parameters between the group with positive family history of diabetes mellitus and the control group. Subjects with positive family history of diabetes mellitus were split into 2 groups as per the presence or absence of insulin resistance. Insignificantly, an increased sympathetic tone was seen in Type 2 diabetes mellitus offspring with insulin resistance as compared to those without it. Body mass index, waist circumference, waist to hip ratio, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and fasting insulin and fasting blood glucose were also significantly higher in the insulin resistance group. Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of insulin resistance among the young subjects with positive family history of diabetes. Thus, had an increased sympathetic activity compared to those who were insulin sensitive. This study confirms the early autonomic dysfunction in offspring of Type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects previously reported in other non-Saudi populations.

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A study of insulin resistance and pancreatic beta cell function in diabetics and non-diabetics

Biomedicine ◽

10.51248/.v39i3.178 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 39 (3) ◽

pp. 497-502

Author(s):

Mary Chandrika A. ◽

B. Shanthi

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Family History ◽

Pancreatic Beta Cell ◽

Family History Of Diabetes ◽

C Peptide ◽

History Of

Introduction and Aim: The most common non-communicable disease affecting large population is type 2 diabetes mellitus. This metabolic disorder is characterized by hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. The causes of diabetes mellitus can vary greatly but always include either defects in insulin secretion of the pancreas or the cells of the body not responding properly to the insulin produced or in both at some point in the course of the disease. Materials and Methods: 200 participants who were divided into two groups, non-diabetics with and without family history of diabetes were involved in this study. The outcomes of fasting plasma glucose, postprandial plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin, fasting plasma insulin, serum c-peptide, HOMA -IR, HOMA-B were compared between both the groups. Results: All these parameters were significantly correlated between the groups with the level of significance p<0.05%. Non-diabetic off-springs of type 2 diabetes were found to have hyperinsulinemia, increased level of serum c-peptide level, moderate insulin resistance and pancreatic beta cell dysfunction than non-diabetics without the family history of diabetes. The fasting hyperinsulinemia, known to reflect decreased insulin sensitivity constitute the strongest independent predictor of type 2 diabetes. Conclusion: The above findings show that insulin resistance is the primary abnormality in type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

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A Possible Early Alteration of Autonomic Activity Assessed by Heart Rate Variability in Saudi Offspring of Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Saudi Journal of Internal Medicine ◽

10.32790/sjim.1.2.4 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 17-23

Author(s):

Daad H. Akbar ◽

Maha A. Hegazi ◽

Hanan A. Al Kadi ◽

Maimona M. Ahmad

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Heart Rate ◽

Heart Rate Variability ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Family History ◽

Family History Of Diabetes ◽

History Of

Background and Objectives: To evaluate cardiac autonomic function in non-diabetic offspring of Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients through assessment of heart rate variability. Autonomic dysfunction was reported in glucose tolerant on insulin-resistant offspring of Type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects. No data is available on cardiac autonomic dysfunction in Saudi offspring of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Subject and Methods: Ninety-seven subjects with family history and 30 subjects with no family history of diabetes mellitus as a control group were studied. Anthropometric and biochemical characteristics (fasting blood glucose, lipids, and insulin resistance) were measured. Heart rate variability parameters were recorded. Results: No significant differences in the anthropometric, biochemical or heart rate variability parameters between the group with positive family history of diabetes mellitus and the control group. Subjects with positive family history of diabetes mellitus were split into 2 groups as per the presence or absence of insulin resistance. Insignificantly, an increased sympathetic tone was seen in Type 2 diabetes mellitus offspring with insulin resistance as compared to those without it. Body mass index, waist circumference, waist to hip ratio, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and fasting insulin and fasting blood glucose were also significantly higher in the insulin resistance group. Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of insulin resistance among the young subjects with positive family history of diabetes. Thus, had an increased sympathetic activity compared to those who were insulin sensitive. This study confirms the early autonomic dysfunction in offspring of Type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects previously reported in other non-Saudi populations.

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Prevalence of insulin resistance in obese adolescents

Paediatrica Indonesiana ◽

10.14238/pi53.3.2013.167-72 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 53 (3) ◽

pp. 167 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Aman B. Pulungan ◽

Ardita Puspitadewi ◽

Rini Sekartini

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Family History ◽

Model Assessment ◽

Obese Adolescents ◽

History Of

Background Childhood obesity is a global health problem, withthe prevalence is differed in each country and affected by manyfactors, such as lifestyle and physical activity. Insulin resistance(IR) as a basic mechanism of several metabolic diseases in obesity,is related with metabolic syndrome (MetS) along with its longterm complications, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Several factors are known to be associated with IR, and thepresence of acanthosis nigricans (AN) has an important meaningin predicting IR.Objectives To assess the prevalence of IR, MetS in obeseadolescents and its potentially associated factors, such as gender,signs of AN, and family history of metabolic diseases.Methods A cross-sectional study was performed in obeseadolescents, aged 12-15 years, over a two-month period. Fastingblood glucose, insulin, and lipid profiles were measured. Obesitywas defined using body mass index (BMI). Insulin resistancewas quantified by the homeostasis model assessment for IR(HOMA-IR) . Metabolic syndrome was defined according to theInternational Diabetes Federation (IDF) 2007 criteria.Results Of92 obese adolescents, IR was found in 38% of subjects,with females predominating (57.2%). Signs of AN were seen in71. 4% of subj ects and a positive family history of metabolic diseaseswas found in 82.8% of subjects, including family history of obesity,type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and hypertension. Less than10% of subjects were considered to be in a prediabetic state, andnone had T2DM. No statistical significance was found betweengender, family history, or signs of AN and IR (P>0.05). Metabolicsyndromes was found in 19.6% of subjects, with the fo llowingprevalences for each component: 34.8% for hypertension, 78.3%for central obesity, 8.7% for impaired fasting glucose (IFG), 22.8%for low levels of HDL, and 2 1. 7% for high triglyceride levels. Astrong correlation was found between IR and IFG with OR= 5 .69(95%CI 1.079 ~ 29.993, P= D.04).Conclusion We find a high prevalence ofIRin obese adolescents,and IR increases the risk of prediabetes. Thus, prevention strategies are needed to overcome the long term impact of obesity on health.

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