The role of dissolved organic carbon concentration and composition on nickel toxicity to early life-stages of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis and purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus

2018 ◽  
Vol 160 ◽  
pp. 162-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamzin A. Blewett ◽  
Elissa M. Dow ◽  
Chris M. Wood ◽  
James C. McGeer ◽  
D. Scott Smith
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Blue Mussel ◽  
Strongylocentrotus Purpuratus ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Early Life Stages ◽  
Nickel Toxicity ◽  
Purple Sea Urchin ◽  
Organic Carbon Concentration

scholarly journals Effects of increased <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> and geographic origin on purple sea urchin (<i>Strongylocentrotus purpuratus</i>) calcite elemental composition

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 17939-17973
Author(s):  
M. LaVigne ◽  
T. M. Hill ◽  
E. Sanford ◽  
B. Gaylord ◽  
A. D. Russell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elemental Composition ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Strongylocentrotus Purpuratus ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Early Life Stages ◽  
Central California ◽  
Purple Sea Urchin ◽  
Trace Elemental

Abstract. Ocean acidification will likely have negative impacts on invertebrates producing skeletons composed of calcium carbonate. Skeletal solubility is partly controlled by the incorporation of "foreign" ions (such as Mg and Sr) into the crystal lattice of these skeletal structures, a process that is sensitive to a variety of biological and environmental factors. Here we explore the effects of life stage, oceanographic region of origin, and changes in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in seawater (pCO2) on trace elemental composition in the purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus). We show that, similar to other urchin taxa, adult purple sea urchins have the ability to precipitate skeleton composed of a range of biominerals spanning low to high magnesium calcites. Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios were substantially lower in adult spines compared to adult tests. On the other hand, trace elemental composition was invariant among adults collected from four oceanographically distinct regions along the US west coast (Oregon, Northern California, Central California, and Southern California). Skeletons of newly settled juvenile urchins that originated from adults from the four regions exhibited intermediate Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca between adult spine and test endmembers, indicating that skeleton precipitated during early life stages is more soluble than adult spines and less soluble than adult tests. Mean skeletal Mg/Ca or Sr/Ca of juvenile skeleton did not vary with source region when larvae were reared under present-day, global-average seawater carbonate conditions (400 ppm; pH = 8.02 ± 0.03 1 SD; Ωcalcite = 3.3 ± 0.2 1 SD). However, when reared under elevated CO2 (900 ppm; pH = 7.72 ± 0.03; Ωcalcite = 1.8 ± 0.1), skeletal Sr/Ca in juveniles exhibited increased variance across the four regions. Although larvae from the northern populations (Oregon, Northern California, Central California) did not exhibit differences in Mg or Sr incorporation under elevated CO2 (Sr/Ca = 2.09 ± 0.06 mmol mol−1; Mg/Ca = 66.9 ± 4.1 mmol mol−1), juveniles of Southern California origin partitioned ∼ 8% more Sr into their skeletons when exposed to higher CO2 (Sr/Ca = 2.26 ± 0.05 vs. 2.10 ± 0.03 mmol mol−1 1 SD). Together these results suggest that the diversity of carbonate minerologies present across different skeletal structures and life stages in purple sea urchins does not translate into an equivalent plasticity of response associated with geographic variation or temporal shifts in seawater properties. Rather, composition of S. purpuratus skeleton precipitated during both early and adult life history stages appears relatively robust to spatial gradients and predicted changes in seawater carbonate chemistry for 2100. An exception to this trend may arise during early life stages, where certain populations of purple sea urchins may alter skeletal mineral precipitation rates and composition beyond a given CO2 threshold. The degree to which this latter geochemical plasticity might affect mineral stability and solubility in a future, altered ocean requires additional study.

scholarly journals The elemental composition of purple sea urchin (<i>Strongylocentrotus purpuratus</i>) calcite and potential effects of <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> during early life stages

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 3465-3477 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. LaVigne ◽  
T. M. Hill ◽  
E. Sanford ◽  
B. Gaylord ◽  
A. D. Russell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elemental Composition ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Strongylocentrotus Purpuratus ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Early Life Stages ◽  
Carbonate Chemistry ◽  
Central California ◽  
Purple Sea Urchin ◽  
Trace Elemental

Abstract. Ocean acidification will likely have negative impacts on invertebrates producing skeletons composed of calcium carbonate. Skeletal solubility is partly controlled by the incorporation of "foreign" ions (e.g. magnesium) into the crystal lattice of these skeletal structures, a process that is sensitive to a variety of biological and environmental factors. Here we explore effects of life stage, oceanographic region of origin, and changes in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in seawater (pCO2) on trace elemental composition in the purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus). We show that, similar to other urchin taxa, adult purple sea urchins have the ability to precipitate skeleton composed of a range of biominerals spanning low- to high-Mg calcites. Mg / Ca and Sr / Ca ratios were substantially lower in adult spines compared to adult tests. On the other hand, trace elemental composition was invariant among adults collected from four oceanographically distinct regions spanning a range of carbonate chemistry conditions (Oregon, Northern California, Central California, and Southern California). Skeletons of newly settled juvenile urchins that originated from adults from the four regions exhibited intermediate Mg / Ca and Sr / Ca between adult spine and test endmembers, indicating that skeleton precipitated during early life stages is more soluble than adult spines and less soluble than adult tests. Mean skeletal Mg / Ca or Sr / Ca of juvenile skeleton did not vary with source region when larvae were reared under present-day, global-average seawater carbonate conditions (400 μatm; pHT = 8.02 ± 0.03 1 SD; Ωcalcite = 3.3 ± 0.2 1 SD). However, when reared under elevated pCO2 (900 μatm; pHT = 7.73 ± 0.03; Ωcalcite = 1.8 ± 0.1), skeletal Sr / Ca in juveniles exhibited increased variance across the four regions. Although larvae from the northern populations (Oregon, Northern California, Central California) did not exhibit differences in Mg or Sr incorporation under elevated pCO2 (Sr / Ca = 2.10 ± 0.06 mmol mol−1; Mg / Ca = 67.4 ± 3.9 mmol mol−1), juveniles of Southern California origin partitioned ~8% more Sr into their skeletons when exposed to higher pCO2 (Sr / Ca = 2.26 ± 0.08 vs. 2.09 ± 0.005 mmol mol−1 1 SD). Together these results suggest that the diversity of carbonate minerologies present across different skeletal structures and life stages in purple sea urchins does not translate into an equivalent geochemical plasticity of response associated with geographic variation or temporal shifts in seawater properties. Rather, composition of S. purpuratus skeleton precipitated during both early and adult life history stages appears relatively robust to spatial gradients and predicted future changes in carbonate chemistry. An exception to this trend may arise during early life stages, where certain populations of purple sea urchins may alter skeletal mineral precipitation rates and composition beyond a given pCO2 threshold. This potential for geochemical plasticity during early development in contrast to adult stage geochemical resilience adds to the growing body of evidence that ocean acidification can have differing effects across organismal life stages.

scholarly journals The consumption of zooplankton by early life stages of fish in the North Sea

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (9) ◽  
pp. 1650-1663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Heath
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Early Life Stages ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Zooplankton Consumption ◽  
Zooplankton Production ◽  
Fish Early Life Stages

Abstract Heath, M. R. 2007. The consumption of zooplankton by early life stages of fish in the North Sea. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 1650–1663. Previous work has shown that during the 1970s, fish and carnivorous macrozooplankton together consumed ∼22 gC m−2 year−1 of mesozooplankton, principally copepods. Consumption declined to ∼17 gC m−2 year−1 during the 1990s, mainly because of a reduction in fish production. The zooplankton production required to meet this demand seems to be approximately accounted for by estimates of new primary production, but there are additional sinks for zooplankton production attributable to predation by, for example, gelatinous species. Additionally, the consumption of zooplankton by early life stages of fish is difficult to assess and could be larger than implied by the earlier analysis. Here, the role of fish early life stages in zooplankton consumption is re-assessed, and found to be approximately double that previously estimated. Some 28% of the zooplankton consumption by fish is now estimated to be attributable to early life stages, resulting in an estimate of zooplankton consumption by the fish community as a whole 14% higher. Taken overall, the consumption of zooplankton production by fish and other planktivorous predators is now estimated to be 19–25 gC m−2 year−1.

scholarly journals Potential role of sulfide and ammonia as confounding factors in elutriate toxicity bioassays with early life stages of sea urchins and bivalves

2007 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Losso ◽  
Alessandra Arizzi Novelli ◽  
Marco Picone ◽  
Davide Marchetto ◽  
Claudio Pantani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Confounding Factors ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Early Life Stages

scholarly journals Effect of ocean acidification on the early life stages of the blue mussel <i>Mytilus edulis</i>

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 2051-2060 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Gazeau ◽  
J.-P. Gattuso ◽  
C. Dawber ◽  
A. E. Pronker ◽  
F. Peene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mytilus Edulis ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Blue Mussel ◽  
Shell Growth ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Early Life Stages ◽  
Environmental Disturbances ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Settlement Success ◽  
Hatching Rates

Abstract. Several experiments have shown a decrease of growth and calcification of organisms at decreased pH levels. There is a growing interest to focus on early life stages that are believed to be more sensitive to environmental disturbances such as hypercapnia. Here, we present experimental data, acquired in a commercial hatchery, demonstrating that the growth of planktonic mussel (Mytilus edulis) larvae is significantly affected by a decrease of pH to a level expected for the end of the century. Even though there was no significant effect of a 0.25–0.34 pH unit decrease on hatching and mortality rates during the first 2 days of development nor during the following 13-day period prior to settlement, final shells were respectively 4.5±1.3 and 6.0±2.3% smaller at pHNBS~7.8 (pCO2~1100–1200 μatm) than at a control pHNBS of ~8.1 (pCO2~460–640 μatm). Moreover, a decrease of 12.0±5.4% of shell thickness was observed after 15d of development. More severe impacts were found with a decrease of ~0.5 pHNBS unit during the first 2 days of development which could be attributed to a decrease of calcification due to a slight undersaturation of seawater with respect to aragonite. Indeed, important effects on both hatching and D-veliger shell growth were found. Hatching rates were 24±4% lower while D-veliger shells were 12.7±0.9% smaller at pHNBS~7.6 (pCO2~1900 μatm) than at a control pHNBS of ~8.1 (pCO2~540 μatm). Although these results show that blue mussel larvae are still able to develop a shell in seawater undersaturated with respect to aragonite, the observed decreases of hatching rates and shell growth could lead to a significant decrease of the settlement success. As the environmental conditions considered in this study do not necessarily reflect the natural conditions experienced by this species at the time of spawning, future studies will need to consider the whole larval cycle (from fertilization to settlement) under environmentally relevant conditions in order to investigate the potential ecological and economical losses of a decrease of this species fitness in the field.

scholarly journals Effect of ocean acidification on the early life stages of the blue mussel (<I>Mytilus edulis</I>)

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 2927-2947 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Gazeau ◽  
J.-P. Gattuso ◽  
C. Dawber ◽  
A. E. Pronker ◽  
F. Peene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Mytilus Edulis ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Blue Mussel ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Shell Growth ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Early Life Stages ◽  
Environmental Disturbances ◽  
Hatching Rates

Abstract. Several experiments have shown a decrease of growth and calcification of organisms at decreased pH levels but relatively few studies have focused on early life stages which are believed to be more sensitive to environmental disturbances such as hypercapnia. Here, we present experimental data demonstrating that the growth of planktonic mussel (Mytilus edulis) larvae is significantly affected by a decrease of pH to a level expected for the end of the century. Even though there was no significant effect of a 0.25–0.34 pH unit decrease on hatching and mortality rates during the first 2 days of development nor during the following 13-day period prior to settlement, final shells were, respectively, 4.5±1.3 and 6.0±2.3% smaller at pHNBS~7.8 than at a control pHNBS of ~8.1. Moreover, a decrease of 12.0±5.4% of shell thickness was observed. More severe impacts were found with a decrease of ~0.5 pHNBS unit during the first 2 days of development which could be attributed to a decrease of calcification due toslight undersaturation of seawater with respect to aragonite. Indeed, important effects on both hatching and D-veliger shell growth were found. Hatching rates were 24±4% lower while D-veliger shells were 12.7±0.9% smaller at pHNBS~7.6 than at a control pHNBS of ~8.1. Although these results show that blue mussel larvae are still able to develop a shell in seawater undersaturated with respect to aragonite, decreases of hatching rates and shell growth suggest a negative impact of ocean acidification on the future survival of bivalve populations potentially leading to significant ecological and economical losses.

scholarly journals Effect of UVB and temperature on the invasive algae Undaria pinnatifida

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Fernanda Piraud Monsalve
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Early Life Stages ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Effect Of Light

<p>The introduction of non-indigenous species and environmental changes are both important threats to marine ecosystems. Environmental changes occur simultaneously and might impact marine organisms synergically or antagonistly. The success of invasive species has been attributed in part to their greater capacity to acclimate to changing conditions. However, the effect of environmental factors on marine invasive species has been little studied. This thesis studied the tolerance of different life stages of the invasive brown seaweed Undaria pinnatifida to UVB and temperature. Also, the possible interactive effect of an increase of temperature and UVB on U. pinnatifida was evaluated.  The tolerance of motile zoospores U. pinnatifida to increasing UVB irradiances was studied in laboratory experiments, and a strong negative effect of UVB on motile zoospores of U. pinnatifida was observed. However, zoospores can recover from UVB stress and the degree of recovery depended on UVB irradiances and exposure time. Their ability to recover could increase the opportunity of zoospores to survive and succeed in the invasion process and shows that U. pinnatifida can survive after UVB stress when environmental conditions improve.  The effect of light treatments combined with temperature was also investigated in early life stages of U. pinnatifida. Both treatments affected early life stages independently. Early life stages were particularly sensitive to UVB; more so than the other light treatments and temperature. The tolerance of early life stages to a wide range of light and temperature conditions might allow this species to maintain viable populations where they already exist, but also might permit it to invade other areas if predicted environmental changes occur in the future.  The effect of consecutive exposures to PAR and UV treatments at different temperatures on sporophytes of U. pinnatifida and the possible photoprotective role of phlorotannins were investigated. There was an interactive effect of light treatments, temperature during the exposure of sporophytes. Sporophytes were highly sensitive to UVB but not to the other light treatments nor to an increase of water temperature. There was no evidence of induction of phlorotannins by UVB and the other light treatments in U. pinnatifida. The sensitivity of sporophytes of U. pinnatifida to UVB and the lack of photoprotective role of phlorotannins suggests this species might have other strategies for success in the intertidal and might direct its energy mainly to growth and reproduction rather than to photoprotection and repair.  The response of the photosynthetic capacity and phlorotannins content to seasonal variations of light and UVB of U. pinnatifida was investigated. A clear seasonal trend in the photosynthetic capacity was observed in sporophytes that were correlated to PAR and UVB irradiances measured in the field. Phlorotannins were variable throughout the sampling period where soluble phlorotannins had seasonal and interannual variation, while there was no clear seasonal variation in cell wall phlorotannins concentration. No correlation between both phlorotannins and PAR and UVB was detected. The response of the photosynthetic apparatus to variations of light illustrates the capacity of this species to acclimate to ambient light conditions. Variation of phlorotannins throughout the year could be attributed to a combination of factors such as grazer and wound healing rather than only to the light conditions.  This research contributed to a better understanding of the tolerance of U. pinnatifida to environmental factors. This study showed that the tolerance and response to environmental factors is life stage specific. The major factor affecting U. pinnatifida negatively was UVB, while temperature had little impact on this species. The capacity of U. pinnatifida to inhabit a wide range of light and temperature conditions permits this species to succeed in coastal ecosystems, and these characteristics could permit this species to succeed under future climate change scenarios.</p>

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