Physiological and foliar symptom response in the crowns of Prunus serotina, Fraxinus americana and Acer rubrum canopy trees to ambient ozone under forest conditions

Vegetation composition of the shrub–tree and herb layers was sampled in 70 successional aspen (Populus tremuloides and Populus grandidentata) stands of different ages (1–90 years) on a variety of sites in northern lower Michigan. Physical and chemical characteristics of soil profiles were also measured at each site. Three stand groupings were identified based on site conditions and detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) ordination of the vegetation. Sandy dry-mesic soils support forests of Acer rubrum, Quercus rubra, Pinus resinosa, and Pinus strobus. On lowland sandy soils with a fluctuating water table, Pinus strobus, Abies balsamea, Viburnum lentago, and Viburnum cassinoides are important. Mesic soils with stratified calcareous layers or clay till substrates support Acer saccharum, Fagus grandifolia, Tilia americana, Fraxinus americana, Ostrya virginiana, and Acer pensylvanicum. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) was used to compare DCA scores with soil variables; first-axis DCA scores were correlated with a suite of soil variables and stand age was correlated with second or third DCA axis scores. Separate DCA ordinations of the dry-mesic and mesic groups revealed successional relations on these sites. On dry-mesic sites, Pinus resinosa and Pinus strobus increase in importance with stand age, while Prunus serotina, Prunus virginiana, Prunus pensylvanica, and the aspens decrease. On mesic sites, early successional species include the aspens, Corylus cornuta, Prunus serotina, and Prunus pensylvanica. Fagus grandifolia, Acer pensylvanicum, Quercus rubra, Viburnum acerifolium, Betula papyrifera, Acer rubrum, and Tilia americana are more abundant in mature mesic-site stands. Ordinations of the herb data were remarkably similar to those for trees and shrubs except on dry-mesic sites. Much of the residual variability in vegetation not accounted for by site conditions and stand age is probably related to historical factors such as the nature of disturbance and variations in seed rain.

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Precommercial Thinning and Pruning of Appalachian Stump Sprouts—10-Year Results

Southern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/sjaf/12.1.23 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 23-27 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Neil I. Lamson

Keyword(s):

Acer Rubrum ◽

Prunus Serotina ◽

Maximum Diameter ◽

Diameter Growth ◽

Red Oak ◽

Black Cherry ◽

Northern Red Oak ◽

Red Maple ◽

Growth Data ◽

Precommercial Thinning

Abstract In northern West Virginia, 7-year-old American basswood (Tilia americana L.) and 12-year-old red maple (Acer rubrum L.), black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), and northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) stump sprout clumps received one of four treatments: unthinned control; thinned to the best one or two codominant sprouts per clump; branch pruned up to 75% of total height; or thinned plus pruned. Analysis of 10-year growth data showed that height growth was not affected by any of the treatments. For all species, pruning slightly increased the length of clear stem and decreased periodic diameter growth. Thinning increased survival of basswood, red oak, and red maple crop stems. Thinning increased the 10-year diameter growth by 0.1 to 0.8 in. Recommendations for thinning 10- to 20-year-old sprout clumps are presented. Pruning is not recommended. In order to maintain maximum diameter growth, thinning individual sprout clumps should be followed by stand crop tree release in about 10 years. South. J. Appl. For. 12(1):23-27.

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Precommercial Thinning Increases Diameter Growth of Appalachian Hardwood Stump Sprouts

Southern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/sjaf/7.2.93 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 93-97 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Neil I. Lamson

Keyword(s):

Quercus Rubra ◽

Acer Rubrum ◽

Height Growth ◽

Prunus Serotina ◽

Black Cherry ◽

Northern Red Oak ◽

Red Maple ◽

Yellow Poplar ◽

Precommercial Thinning ◽

Stump Sprouts

Abstract In West Virginia crop trees were selected from 7- or 12-year-old yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.), basswood (Tilia americana L.), red maple (Acer rubrum L.), black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), and northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) stump sprouts. Crop trees were dominant or codominant, well-formed sprouts that originated not more than 6 inches above groundline and did not fork in the lower 17 feet. Four treatments were evaluated: (1) control; (2) thinning; (3) pruning; and (4) thinning plus pruning. Five years after treatment the diameter (d.b.h.) growth of thinned sprouts was 1.5 times greater than that of control sprouts. Pruning did not cause a significant decrease in five-year d.b.h. growth. Height growth was not affected by the treatments. Most of the epicormic branches produced by pruning were dead five years after treatment. Natural pruning was reduced by thinning; the average clear bole length of thinned sprouts was about 2 feet shorter than that of the control sprouts. Survival was nearly 100 percent.

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The impact of season of harvest and duration of pre-measurement storage impact hydraulic conductance of stem samples for Acer rubrum L. x saccharinum L. and Fraxinus americana L.

Environmental and Experimental Botany ◽

10.1016/s0098-8472(00)00047-2 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 44 (1) ◽

pp. 23-29

Author(s):

Patricia R Knight ◽

Matthew P Kelting ◽

J.Roger Harris ◽

John R Seiler

Keyword(s):

Acer Rubrum ◽

Hydraulic Conductance ◽

Fraxinus Americana ◽

The Impact

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Seasonal and diurnal expansion and contraction of fruits of forest trees

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b69-147 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 47 (7) ◽

pp. 1033-1038 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

W. R. Chaney ◽

T. T. Kozlowski

Keyword(s):

Vapor Pressure ◽

Vapor Pressure Deficit ◽

Quercus Rubra ◽

Acer Rubrum ◽

Prunus Serotina ◽

Forest Trees ◽

Corylus Cornuta ◽

Fruit Diameter

Seasonal and diurnal expansion and contraction of growing fruits of Acer rubrum L., Prunus serotina Ehrb., P. pensylvanica L., P. virginiana L., Quercus rubra L., and Corylus cornuta Marsh, var. cornuta were measured with modified Fritts dendrographs during the summers of 1966 and 1967. Throughout much of the summer the fruits exhibited recurrent shrinkage during the day and expansion at night. Fruit diameter fluctuations in 1967 were related to changes in vapor pressure deficit. Expansion of fruits generally occurred when vapor pressure deficit was decreasing or low and contraction resulted when vapor pressure deficit was increasing or high.

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Seasonal and diurnal changes in water balance of fruits, cones, and leaves of forest trees

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b69-201 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 47 (9) ◽

pp. 1407-1417 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

W. R. Chaney ◽

T. T. Kozlowski

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Water Balance ◽

Pinus Banksiana ◽

Quercus Rubra ◽

Acer Rubrum ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Prunus Serotina ◽

Diurnal Changes ◽

Weight Changes ◽

Accurate Indicator

Seasonal variations in actual moisture content (MC), moisture content as percent of dry weight (% MC), and dry weight were determined for fruits of Acer rubrum L., Quercus rubra L., and Prunus serotina Ehrb. at weekly or 2-weekly intervals. On selected dates diurnal variations in MC, % MC, and dry weight of fruits or cones and leaves of Quercus rubra, Prunus serotina, P. virginiana L., and Pinus banksiana Lamb. were determined at 4-hour intervals during the day and night. Percentage moisture content of reproductive tissues and leaves was variously influenced by water uptake or loss, change in dry weight, or both of these. The water balance of different tissues of the same organ varied differently, both seasonally and diurnally, in the same species as well as between species. Percentage moisture content alone is not an accurate indicator of internal water balance of plants and should be interpreted in relation to both water weight and dry weight changes of tissues.

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Taper, Volume, and Weight of Small Black Cherry and Red Maple Trees in West Virginia

Northern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/njaf/24.2.104 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 104-109

Author(s):

John R. Brooks

Keyword(s):

West Virginia ◽

Small Diameter ◽

Acer Rubrum ◽

Tree Size ◽

Prunus Serotina ◽

Black Cherry ◽

Red Maple ◽

Diameter Class ◽

Proposed Model ◽

Volume Equations

Abstract Taper, cubic foot volume, and green weight equations to multiple top diameters were developed for the main bole portion of small-diameter black cherry (BC; Prunus serotina Ehrh.) and red maple (RM; Acer rubrum L.) trees in northern West Virginia. Sample trees were selected from the 2- to 5-in.-diameter class and ranged from 30 to 60 ft in total height. Existing published cubic foot volume equations provided estimates from 6 to 40% lower than estimates from the proposed model form, depending on species and tree size. Based on the published weight equations selected for comparison, differences between the estimates from the proposed models and from the published model with the smallest weight difference from a pool of candidate models, total bole green weight was underestimated from 5 to 93% for BC and from 0.4 to 25% for RM, depending on species and tree size.

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Watershed and Estuarine Controls Both Influence Plant Community and Tree Growth Changes in Tidal Freshwater Forested Wetlands along Two U.S. Mid-Atlantic Rivers

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12091182 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 1182

Author(s):

Gregory B. Noe ◽

Norman A. Bourg ◽

Ken W. Krauss ◽

Jamie A. Duberstein ◽

Cliff R. Hupp

Keyword(s):

Sea Level ◽

Plant Community ◽

Tree Growth ◽

River Flow ◽

Acer Rubrum ◽

Basal Area ◽

Forested Wetlands ◽

Tidal Freshwater ◽

Canopy Trees

The tidal freshwater zone near the estuarine head-of-tide is potentially sensitive to both sea-level rise and associated salinity increases as well as changing watershed inputs of freshwater and nutrients. We evaluated the vegetation response of tidal freshwater forested wetlands (TFFW) to changes in nontidal river versus estuarine controls along the longitudinal gradient of the Mattaponi and Pamunkey rivers in the Mid-Atlantic USA. The gradient included nontidal freshwater floodplain (NT) and upper tidal (UT), lower tidal (LT), and stressed tidal forest transitioning to marsh (ST) TFFW habitats on both rivers. Plot-based vegetation sampling and dendrochronology were employed to examine: (1) downriver shifts in plant community composition and the structure of canopy trees, understory trees/saplings/shrubs and herbs, tree basal-area increment (BAI) and (2) interannual variability in BAI from 2015 dating back as far as 1969 in relation to long-term river and estuary monitoring data. With greater tidal influence downstream, tree species dominance shifted, live basal area generally decreased, long-term mean BAI of individual trees decreased, woody stem mortality increased, and live herbaceous vegetative cover and richness increased. Acer rubrum, Fagus grandifolia, Ilex opaca, and Fraxinus pennsylvanica dominated NT and UT sites, with F. pennsylvanica and Nyssa sylvatica increasingly dominating at more downstream tidal sites. Annual tree BAI growth was positively affected by nontidal river flow at NT and UT sites which were closer to the head-of-tide, positively influenced by small salinity increases at LT and ST sites further downstream, and positively influenced by estuarine water level throughout the gradient; nutrient influence was site specific with both positive and negative influences. The counterintuitive finding of salinity increasing tree growth at sites with low BAI is likely due to either competitive growth release from neighboring tree death or enhanced soil nutrient availability that may temporarily mitigate the negative effects of low-level salinization and sea-level increases on living TFFW canopy trees, even as overall plant community conversion to tidal marsh progresses.

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Low-temperature Exotherms and Freeze Tolerance in Three Taxa of Deciduous Trees

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.30.4.849a ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 849A-849

Author(s):

Orville M. Lindstrom ◽

Tomasz Anisko ◽

Michael A. Dirr

Keyword(s):

Low Temperature ◽

Cold Hardiness ◽

Acer Rubrum ◽

Freeze Tolerance ◽

Reliable Estimate ◽

Fraxinus Americana ◽

Deep Supercooling ◽

The Difference ◽

The Relationship ◽

Zelkova Serrata

Although differential thermal analysis has been routinely used to evaluate cold hardiness, the relationship between deep supercooling ability and plant survival is not clear. We compared seasonal profiles of changes in low-temperature exotherm (LTE) occurrence and visually determined lowest survival temperature (LST) of Acer rubrum `Armstrong', Fraxinus americana `Autumn Purple' and Zelkova serrata `Green Village' growing in three locations representing plant cold hardiness zones 8, 7 and 5. Between December and February, LTE in Acer rubrum and Fraxinus americana occurred at temperatures 10 to 25C lower than the LST. The difference between LTE and LST was not significant for Zelkova serrata from January to April, and for Acer rubrum and Fraxinus americana in March. Data indicate that LTE could be used as an estimate of LST in Zelkova serrata but not in Acer rubrum and Fraxinus americana. This study demonstrated that LTE does not provide a reliable estimate of cold hardiness in all species that deep supercool.

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