Dose–effect relationship between drinking water fluoride levels and damage to liver and kidney functions in children

BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a budding infectious disease that has affected various countries globally. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of COVID-19 disease on liver and kidney functions and to determine their association with the severity and mortality of disease METHODS A total of 100 confirmed COVID-19 adult patients from Madinah city of Saudi Arabia hospitalized between April 28, and June 30, 2020 were included,and categorized into asymptomatic,mild to moderate and severely ill patients.We analyzed the clinical status of liver and renal functioning in all of the three groups. RESULTS The majority of patients (51%) were diagnosed with mild to moderate disease, 27% of patients were severely ill and 22% of patients were asymptomatic.The liver and renal functional analysis showed that the severity of the COVID-19 patients were significantly associated with the kidney and renal impairments exhibiting higher levels of ALT, AST, Creatinine, Urea levels (P < 0.05). Furthermore, in this study, a novel association is found between high Na and Cl levels with the severely ill COVID-19 patients. CONCLUSIONS We concluded from the present study that a significant percentage of COVID-19 patients continued to have a normal liver and renal function during the course of their disease. Nevertheless, severely ill COVID-19 patients were more prone to have abnormal liver and renal functions. During the course of treatment, the patients had a gradual normalization of their liver and kidney parameters and subsequently achieved a complete normal liver and renal functions upon discharge with no mortality.

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Effect of dietary calcium and phosphorus levels on growth, carcass characteristics and liver and kidney functions of growing Egyptian geese

Poultry Science ◽

10.1016/j.psj.2021.101244 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 101244

Author(s):

Mahmoud Alagawany ◽

Elwy Ali Ashour ◽

Mohamed Soliman El-Kholy ◽

Laila Ali Mohamed ◽

Mohamed Ezzat Abd El-Hack

Keyword(s):

Carcass Characteristics ◽

Dietary Calcium ◽

Liver And Kidney ◽

Calcium And Phosphorus ◽

Kidney Functions ◽

Phosphorus Levels

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Exogenous creatine delays anoxic depolarization and protects from hypoxic damage: dose–effect relationship

Brain Research ◽

10.1016/s0006-8993(98)01131-7 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 816 (1) ◽

pp. 124-130 ◽

Cited By ~ 66

Author(s):

Maurizio Balestrino ◽

Renata Rebaudo ◽

Gianluigi Lunardi

Keyword(s):

Dose Effect ◽

Damage Dose ◽

Effect Relationship ◽

Anoxic Depolarization

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Clinically derived dose–effect relationship for hyperthermia given in combination with low-dose radiotherapy

British Journal of Radiology ◽

10.1259/0007-1285-59-697-81 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 59 (697) ◽

pp. 81-82 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

J. van der Zee ◽

G. C. van Rhoon ◽

J. L. Wike-Hooley ◽

H. S. Reinhold

Keyword(s):

Low Dose ◽

Dose Effect ◽

Effect Relationship ◽

Low Dose Radiotherapy

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Clinical Strategy for Optimal Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Herbal Dose Selection in Disease Therapeutics: Expert Consensus on Classic TCM Herbal Formula Dose Conversion

The American Journal of Chinese Medicine ◽

10.1142/s0192415x1550086x ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 43 (08) ◽

pp. 1515-1524 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Lin-Hua Zha ◽

Li-Sha He ◽

Feng-Mei Lian ◽

Zhong Zhen ◽

Hang-Yu Ji ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chinese Medicine ◽

Traditional Chinese Medicine ◽

Measurement System ◽

Expert Consensus ◽

Dose Effect ◽

Herbal Formula ◽

Dose Selection ◽

Effect Relationship ◽

Weight Measurement ◽

Relationship Of

The clinical therapeutics of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) constitutes a complicated process which involves theory, diagnosis, and formula prescription with specific herbal dosage. Zhang Zhong-Jing’s classic work, Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases, has been influencing TCM practice for almost 2000 years. However, during this extended period of time in Chinese history, the Chinese weight measurement system experienced noticeable changes. This change in the weight measurement system inevitably, and perhaps even negatively, affected TCM herbal dosage determination and treatment outcome. Thus, in modern society, a full understanding of the accuracy of herbal dose selection has a critical importance in the TCM daily practice of delivering the best treatment to the patients suffering from different illnesses. In the 973 Project of the Chinese National Basic Research Program, expert consensus on classic TCM formula dose conversion has been reached based on extensive literature review and discussion on the dose–effect relationship of classic TCM formulas. One “liang” (两) in classic TCM formulas is equivalent to 13.8[Formula: see text]g. However, based on many TCM basic and clinical studies of variable herbal formula prescriptions and herbal drug preparations, the rule of one liang equals 13.8[Formula: see text]g should be adjusted according to different disease conditions. Recommended by the committee on TCM formula dose–effect relationship of the China Association of Chinese Medicine and the World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies, the following expert consensus has been reached: (i) One liang converts to 6–9[Formula: see text]g for the severely and critically ill patients. (ii) One liang converts to 3–6[Formula: see text]g for the patients suffering from chronic diseases. (iii) One liang converts to 1–3[Formula: see text]g in preventive medicine. The above conversions should be used as a future TCM practice guideline. Using this recommended guideline should enhance the effectiveness of daily TCM practice.

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