A failure of conflict to modulate dual-stream processing may underlie the formation and maintenance of delusions

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.J. Speechley ◽  
C.B. Murray ◽  
R.M. McKay ◽  
M.T. Munz ◽  
E.T.C. Ngan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Deductive Reasoning ◽  
Failure Model ◽  
Reasoning Task ◽  
Logical Validity ◽  
Conditional Statements ◽  
Conflict Condition ◽  
Contradictory Evidence ◽  
Logical Process ◽  
Preliminary Support

AbstractBackgroundDual-stream information processing proposes that reasoning is composed of two interacting processes: a fast, intuitive system (Stream 1) and a slower, more logical process (Stream 2). In non-patient controls, divergence of these streams may result in the experience of conflict, modulating decision-making towards Stream 2, and initiating a more thorough examination of the available evidence. In delusional schizophrenia patients, a failure of conflict to modulate decision-making towards Stream 2 may reduce the influence of contradictory evidence, resulting in a failure to correct erroneous beliefs.MethodDelusional schizophrenia patients and non-patient controls completed a deductive reasoning task requiring logical validity judgments of two-part conditional statements. Half of the statements were characterized by a conflict between logical validity (Stream 2) and content believability (Stream 1).ResultsPatients were significantly worse than controls in determining the logical validity of both conflict and non-conflict conditional statements. This between groups difference was significantly greater for the conflict condition.ConclusionsThe results are consistent with the hypothesis that delusional schizophrenia patients fail to use conflict to modulate towards Stream 2 when the two streams of reasoning arrive at incompatible judgments. This finding provides encouraging preliminary support for the Dual-Stream Modulation Failure model of delusion formation and maintenance.

scholarly journals Brain electrical traits of logical validity

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Salto ◽  
Carmen Requena ◽  
Paula Álvarez-Merino ◽  
Luís F. Antón-Toro ◽  
Fernando Maestú
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Medial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Deductive Reasoning ◽  
Significant Activity ◽  
Temporal Window ◽  
Logical Validity ◽  
Electrical Demand ◽  
Brain Processing ◽  
Temporal Windows

AbstractNeuroscience has studied deductive reasoning over the last 20 years under the assumption that deductive inferences are not only de jure but also de facto distinct from other forms of inference. The objective of this research is to verify if logically valid deductions leave any cerebral electrical trait that is distinct from the trait left by non-valid deductions. 23 subjects with an average age of 20.35 years were registered with MEG and placed into a two conditions paradigm (100 trials for each condition) which each presented the exact same relational complexity (same variables and content) but had distinct logical complexity. Both conditions show the same electromagnetic components (P3, N4) in the early temporal window (250–525 ms) and P6 in the late temporal window (500–775 ms). The significant activity in both valid and invalid conditions is found in sensors from medial prefrontal regions, probably corresponding to the ACC or to the medial prefrontal cortex. The amplitude and intensity of valid deductions is significantly lower in both temporal windows (p = 0.0003). The reaction time was 54.37% slower in the valid condition. Validity leaves a minimal but measurable hypoactive electrical trait in brain processing. The minor electrical demand is attributable to the recursive and automatable character of valid deductions, suggesting a physical indicator of computational deductive properties. It is hypothesized that all valid deductions are recursive and hypoactive.

The factors of consumer confidence recovery after scandals in food supply chain safety

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 1379-1400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuhui Wang ◽  
Paul Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Supply Chains ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Deductive Reasoning ◽  
Consumer Confidence ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Extended Model ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Before And After

Purpose Viewing consumer confidence as a set of static factors has informed previous research and underpinned strategies used in recovering from food safety quality failures, but this approach has not delivered reliable and quick recovery from large-scale food safety scandals. The purpose of this paper is to examine extant models and the factors they are composed of, and suggest an extended model that has a better potential for consumer confidence. The paper focuses on food products where supply chains are visible, and use these features to group the findings. Design/methodology/approach In this study principal components and logit analyses are used to assess the role of 30 variables operating in a consumer confidence model constructed from several existing in the literature. This combined model considers emotional, cognitive, trust and sociodemographic factors. In total, 14 independent factors are identified. The authors examine the factors, and from these, the decision-making mechanisms before and after the Sanlu Infant Milk Formula (IMF) scandal of 2008. Findings The authors find that the factors considered by consumers are different for different IMF supply chains, and different again before and after the scandal. The authors develop the argument for an extension to the existing models, incorporating a dynamic consumer confidence system. Research limitations/implications The paper uses a single survey after the focus event to establish “before” and “after” decision-making factors. Since the IMF scandal is recent and of very high profile, this is likely valid even if it carries memory bias effects. The study is directly applicable to food safety scandals in a Chinese context. Deductive reasoning extends our assertions to a wider context. They are logically validated but have not been formally tested. Practical implications Using this system as a framework a checklist for recovery from a similar food safety scandal is suggested. The authors also suggest more general use for use where supply chains features are visible to consumers. Originality/value Models for food safety consumer confidence recovery have previously focused on identifying models and the static factors they consist of. These do represent a reflection of how this phenomenon operates, but using the principals of this model nevertheless does not result in good recovery from extreme food safety failures. This paper contributes by extending these models to one that can be applied for better recovery.

Reducing cognitive complexity in a hypothetico-deductive reasoning task

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pam Marek ◽  
Richard A. Griggs ◽  
Cynthia S. Koenig
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Complexity ◽  
Deductive Reasoning ◽  
Reasoning Task

A Conceptual Approach to Understanding Abused Women's Stay/Leave Decisions

1997 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
PAMELA CHOICE ◽  
LEANNE K. LAMKE
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Dating Violence ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Step Model ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Preliminary Support

This article critically examines four theoretical approaches identified by Strube (1988) as relevant to abused women's stay/leave decision-making processes. It is argued that these four approaches have overlapping components that may be combined into a single framework for understanding abused women's stay/leave decisions. The essential aspects of abused women's stay/leave decisions appear to revolve around two central questions: “Will I be better off?” and “Can I do it?” This model proposes that abused women's stay/leave decisions occur in a stepwise fashion. A woman may wish to leave her relationship but be inhibited from doing so because she does not feel she has control over her circumstances. Conversely, a woman may have the necessary resources for leaving but may wish to remain in the relationship. Empirical work in the fields of marital and dating violence is reviewed and provides preliminary support for the components of this two-step model of abused women's stay/leave decisions.

Advanced Introduction to Legal Reasoning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry Alexander ◽  
◽  
Emily Sherwin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Deductive Reasoning ◽  
Legal Reasoning ◽  
Legal Decision ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Legal Decision Making ◽  
Empirical Reasoning ◽  
Canonical Texts

This insightful and highly readable Advanced Introduction provides a succinct, yet comprehensive, overview of legal reasoning, covering both reasoning from canonical texts and legal decision-making in the absence of rules. Overall, it argues that there are only two methods by which judges decide legal disputes: deductive reasoning from rules and unconstrained moral, practical, and empirical reasoning.

The Instructional Approach: Improving the Performance of a Person with Moderate Mental Retardation in a Reasoning Task

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-150
Author(s):  
Stella Fontana
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Deductive Reasoning ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Instructional Approach ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Reasoning Task ◽  
Moderate Mental Retardation ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Final Question

Persons with mental retardation have limitations in their cognitive functions and thus low performances in reasoning tasks. The author of this case study aimed at understanding the difficulties of a thirty-year-old female with moderate mental retardation, in resolving a deductive reasoning task and to see if, when compensating these difficulties, she would be able to improve her performance. The postulated deficits were a lack of planning (e.g., Borkowski, Reid, & Kurtz, 1984), an inefficient encoding of information (e.g., Ellis, Meador, & Bodfich, 1985) and a limited short-term memory (e.g., Dulaney & Ellis, 1991). To achieve improved performance, we proposed aids to compensate for the postulated deficits following the instructional approach of Belmont and Butterfield (1977). A second interesting question was whether working with figurative material would have an effect on the resolution of verbal syllogisms. A final question concerned which variables influenced the performance in verbal syllogisms.

Understanding reasoning: Let's describe what we really think about

2011 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 269-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Sternberg
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Deductive Reasoning ◽  
Inductive Reasoning ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Human Reasoning ◽  
Ecological Relevance ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Life Decision

AbstractI suggest psychologists would more profitably study a totally different area of human reasoning than is discussed in the target article – the inductive reasoning people use in their everyday life that matters in consequential real-life decision making, rather than the deductive reasoning that psychologists have studied meticulously but that has relatively less ecological relevance to people's lives.

scholarly journals Developing nutrient profile models: a systematic approach

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 330-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Scarborough ◽  
Mike Rayner ◽  
Lynn Stockley
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Simple Equation ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Breakfast Cereals ◽  
Nutrient Profile ◽  
Logical Approach ◽  
Nutrient Profiling ◽  
Logical Process

AbstractObjectiveNutrient profiling can be defined as the ‘the science of categorising foods according to their nutritional composition’. The purpose of the present paper is to describe a systematic and logical approach to nutrient profiling.DesignA seven-stage decision-making process is proposed and, as an illustration of how the approach might operate in practice, the development of a nutrient profiling model for the purpose of highlighting breakfast cereals that are ‘high in fat, sugar or salt’ is described.ResultsThe nutrient profile model developed for this paper calculates scores for foods using a simple equation. It enables breakfast cereals to be compared with each other and with other foods eaten at breakfast.ConclusionNutrient profiling is not new, but hitherto most nutrient profiling models have been developed in an unsystematic and illogical fashion. Different nutrient profiling models are needed for different purposes but a key requirement should be that they are developed using a systematic, transparent and logical process. This paper provides an example of such a process; approaches to validating nutrient profiling models are described elsewhere.

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