Nitrification inhibitor and straw incorporation are widely used to improve crop nitrogen use efficiency in agricultural soil, but their effects on nitrous oxide (N2O) emission across different soil types and the microbial mechanisms remain less understood. In this study, we used controlled experiment and DNA-based molecular analysis to study how nitrification inhibitor (dicyandiamide, DCD) and straw incorporation affect soil nitrogen balance, N2O emission and microbial nitrifiers/denitrifers in three distinct agricultural soils (the black, fluvo-aquic and red soils) across China. Both DCD and straw incorporation improved nitrogen balance by increasing NH4+ and decreasing NO3- in all soils. DCD tended to decrease N2O emission from all soils especially the Fluvo-aquic one, while straw incorporation reduced N2O emission only in the fluvo-aquic soil but increased N2O emission in the other two especially the red soil (by ~600%). T-RFLP analysis revealed that the denitriers community structure are distinct among the three soils, but was not strongly affected by DCD or straw incorporation. qPCR analysis revealed that DCD or straw incorporation had no significant effect on nitrifier abundance, but increased nitrous oxide reductase nosZ gene abundance in the black/fluvo-aquic soil rather than the red soil. Structural equational modelling further confirmed that, when accounting for treatments and soil properties, nosZ gene abundance is the only biological factor significantly determined N2O emission in different soil types. Taken together, our work advanced the knowledge on the agricultural practices and N2O emission in cropland soils, and suggested that straw incorporation may not be a good choice for the red and black soil areas; management practices should be used as per soil type to balance between nitrogen use efficiency and N2O emission.
Productivity and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Wheat Varieties in Relation to Nitrogen Levels under Rainfed Conditions of North-western India
