Effect of Protein Nutrition Level on Protein Metabolism during Volleyball Exercise Based on Edge Computing in the Medical System

With the rapid development of the Internet of Things, 5G, and communication technologies, the growth of various types of data has shown an exponential trend. Edge computing technology provides users with almost unlimited computing power through a large number of high-performance servers in the data center. It is one of the important solutions for big data analysis and processing. Volleyball has caused a great wave in China as early as the 1960s, but people pay little attention to the physical quality of volleyball players. At the same time, in the medical field, it is difficult to give a clear value to the athlete’s protein requirement. Therefore, this article aims to observe the specific values of protein metabolism in volleyball at different levels of protein nutrition. By designing controlled experiments, then these rats under three nutrient levels of protein were observed and protein metabolism was analyzed after volleyball. The results of the study show that volleyball exercise can reduce the nitrogen balance and gastrocnemius nitrogen content. The nitrogen balance of the 17% group decreased from 388 mg/day before exercise to 336 mg/day, and the gastrocnemius nitrogen content decreased by up to 5.2%; serum urea nitrogen concentration and liver nitrogen content are increased, indicating the enhancement of protein catabolism. Different protein nutrition levels have different effects on protein metabolism during volleyball. The protein intake level of 17% is more conducive to resist the protein decomposition caused by volleyball. It can be seen that, based on edge computing technology, the influence factors of protein nutrition level on protein metabolism during volleyball sports can be well explored, and the research results are also very valuable.

Combining Exercise, Protein Supplementation and Electric Stimulation to Mitigate Muscle Wasting and Improve Outcomes for Survivors of Critical Illness - the ExPrES Study

Background: The combination of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) with high protein supplementation (HPRO) to preserve muscle mass and function has not been assessed in ICU patients. We compared the effects of a multimodal intervention combining NMES and HPRO with mobility and strength rehabilitation program (NMES+HPRO+PT) to standardized ICU care (SC). Methods: Over 14 days the SC group received usual critical care and rehabilitation while the NMES+HPRO+PT received 30 minutes NMES twice daily for 10 days applied to the quadriceps and dorsiflexors bilaterally and a mean 1.3±0.4 HPRO g/kg body weight in addition to SC. Nonresponsive patients received passive exercises and once responsive were encouraged to exercise actively. Primary outcome measures were muscle volume and cross-section area (CSA) measured using CT-imaging. Secondary outcomes included nutritional status, nitrogen balance, effect on delirium, and days on mechanical ventilation (MV).Results: On day 14, the NMES+HPRO+PT group lost significantly less muscle volume of both thighs and lower legs compared to SC group. The mean combined left and right thigh CSA and volume of the NMES+HPRO+PT group was significantly larger than the SC group on day 14. The nitrogen balance of the SC group was negative throughout the study duration, while the NMES+HPRO+PT group was positive on days 5, 9, and 14. At any time during their ICU stay SC patients experienced more delirium than the PT+NMES+HPRO group (46% vs 32%, p=0.09) although not statistically significant. There were no differences between groups when comparing length of stay or days on MV. Conclusion: The combination of NMES, HPRO and PT resulted in mitigation of lower extremity muscle loss and amelioration of clinical status of patients admitted to the ICU. The value of NMES, HPRO and PT independently in the initial and ongoing care of ICU survivors beyond 14 days of admission remains to be evaluated.Trial Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT3195127

The Effects of Replacing Dry Forage With Corn Silage on Milk Yield, Composition and Fatty Acids’ Profiles, Blood Metabolites, Nitrogen Balance, and Rumen Fermentation Parameters in Mahabadi Lactating Goats

The present study was performed with the aim of investigating the effects of replacing dry forage with corn silage on performance, milk yield, composition and fatty acids’ profiles, blood metabolites, nitrogen balance, and rumen fermentation parameters in Mahabadi lactating goats. For this purpose, a total of 20 lactating goats aged between 2 and 5 years old and with body weight of 45.3 ± 7.20 (DS) kg were categorized into two groups, each one containing ten goats. Experimental treatments consisted of controlling diet and dietary substitution of forage part with corn silage at 20% of dry matter. The obtained data were analyzed by the mixed model for a randomized completed design using statistical packages of SAS (2002). The replacement of dry forage with corn silage did not affect the dry matter intake (DMI), live body weight, and milk yield. Feeding corn silage, rather than dry forage, had no significant effect on milk unsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, C18:1C9 percentages, and non-esterified fatty acids concentration, and it caused a decline in milk polyunsaturated fatty acids percentage. As well, dietary inclusion of corn silage significantly decreased plasma urea nitrogen content in goats (P<0.05). Furthermore, feeding corn silage led to a significant increase in antioxidant capacity of rumen liquor (P<0.05), plasma (P<0.01), and milk (P<0.01) of lactating goats. Of note, the dietary addition of corn silage caused no significant effects on microbial nitrogen and nitrogen balance in lactating goats. Feeding corn silage did not affect the ruminal total volatile fatty acids, acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid at both periods before and after feeding. In general, results indicated that replacing dry forage with corn silage could consequently improve the antioxidant status in Mahabadi lactating goats.

Effects of corn processing and cattle size on total tract digestion and energy and nitrogen balance

This study used 18 calves (295 ± 29 kg) and 18 yearlings (521 ± 29 kg) fed whole, cracked or steam-flaked corn (SFC) to evaluate nutrient digestion and energy balance across different types of processed corn and sizes of cattle. Cattle were fed a diet comprised of 75% corn (DM-basis) from whole, cracked or SFC to 2.5-times maintenance energy requirements. Subsequently, cattle were placed in individual stanchions and urine and feces was collected together with measures of gas production via indirect calorimetry. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. There was no interaction of corn processing and cattle size (P ≥ 0.40). Time spent ruminating (min/d) and rumination rate (min/kg DM intake; DMI) was not affected by corn processing or cattle size. Eating rate (min/kg DMI) was faster (P &lt; 0.01) for yearlings compared to calves. Total tract starch digestion was greatest (P = 0.01) for cattle fed SFC (97.5%), intermediate in cattle fed cracked (92.4%) and least in cattle fed whole corn (89.5%). Dietary digestible energy and metabolizable energy (Mcal/kg DMI) were greater (P ≤ 0.05) for cattle fed SFC compared to cracked or whole. A greater proportion of digestible energy was lost to heat production (P = 0.01) in cattle fed whole corn compared to cracked and tended to be greater (P = 0.08) in cattle fed SFC than cracked. Conversion of digestible energy to metabolizable energy in this study was more closely related to a dynamic model used to estimate metabolizable energy of feeds to dairy cows than to a linear model used to predict metabolizable energy of feeds to beef cattle. If library estimates of net energy for maintenance are correct, then retained energy (Mcal/d) should have been similar between each type of processed corn; however, retained energy was greater (P &lt; 0.01) for cattle fed cracked compared to whole corn and tended to be greater (P = 0.06) compared to SFC. Yet, observed amounts of net energy based on measures of retained energy were not different (P ≥ 0.60) between cracked and SFC. Nitrogen balance was not affected (P ≥ 0.30) by corn processing or cattle size, although cattle fed cracked had numerically greater (P ≤ 035) N retention. These data indicate that physical processing of corn provides greater net energy to cattle in comparison to whole corn.

The response of potato tuber yield, nitrogen uptake, soil nitrate nitrogen to different nitrogen rates in red soil

Nutrient-deficient red soil found in the southern region of China is increasingly being used for potato crops to meet the demand for this staple food. The application of nitrogen fertilizer is necessary to support the production of higher tuber yields; however, the links between nitrate nitrogen and the nitrogen balance in red soil are unknown. A field experiment was conducted in Jiangxi Province in 2017 and 2018 to determine the effects of different nitrogen application rates, 0 kg ha−1 (N0), 60 kg ha−1 (N60), 120 kg ha−1 (N120), 150 kg ha−1 (N150), 180 kg ha−1 (N180), 210 kg ha−1 (N210), and 240 kg ha−1 (N240, the highest rate used by local farmers), on potatoes growing in red soil. Data on tuber yield, crop nitrogen uptake, and the apparent nitrogen balance from the different treatments were collected when potatoes were harvested. Additionally, the content and stock of nitrate nitrogen at different soil depths were also measured. Nitrogen fertilization increased tuber yield but not significantly at application rates higher than 150 kg ha−1. We estimated that the threshold rates of nitrogen fertilizer application were 191 kg ha−1 in 2017 and 227 kg ha−1 in 2018, where the respective tuber yields were 19.7 and 20.4 t ha−1. Nitrogen uptake in potato in all nitrogen fertilization treatments was greater than that in N0 by 61.2–237% and 76.4–284% in 2017 and 2018, respectively. The apparent nitrogen surplus (the amount of nitrogen remaining from any nitrogen input minus nitrogen uptake) increased with increasing nitrogen application rates. The nitrate nitrogen stock at a soil depth of 0–60 cm was higher in the 210 and 240 kg ha−1 nitrogen rate treatments than in the other treatments. Moreover, double linear equations indicated that greater levels of nitrogen surplus increased the nitrate nitrogen content and stock in soils at 0–60 cm depths. Therefore, we estimate that the highest tuber yields of potato can be attained when 191–227 kg ha−1 nitrogen fertilizer is applied to red soil. Thus, the risk of nitrate nitrogen leaching from red soil increases exponentially when the apparent nitrogen balance rises above 94.3–100 kg ha−1.

Comparison of Whey Versus Almond Protein Powder on Nitrogen Balance in Female College Students; The California Almond Protein Powder Project (CAlmond-P3)

Plant-based diets have become increasingly popular in the past decade, with approximately 11% of Americans self-identifying as vegan or vegetarian and many others trying to reduce meat consumption. Due to increasing interest, the plant-based food market has significantly expanded, with several innovative products serving as alternatives to animal-based products. One such example is almond protein powder, a new protein supplement created as an alternative to whey protein. Due to the novelty of almond protein products, little is known regarding how well the protein supplement supports nitrogen metabolism. The effects of both an almond-based protein beverage and a whey-based protein beverage on nitrogen balance are investigated in the work presented herein. Twenty female college students aged 20–25 years were randomly assigned to consume either an almond- or whey-based protein drink twice daily for one week; 24-h urine collection was performed at the baseline and endpoint of the 7-day treatment period and nitrogen balance was assessed. Body composition and hydration status were also assessed. Both protein sources (almond and whey) were able to notably improve nitrogen balance, thus indicating that almond protein powder may be a functional plant-based alternative to whey protein powder and may be of interest in future research regarding muscle mass and body composition improvement.

Augmented Renal Clearance, Muscle Catabolism and Urinary Nitrogen Loss: Implications for Nutritional Support in Critically Ill Trauma Patients

The main objective of this pilot study was to determine the association between augmented renal clearance (ARC), urinary nitrogen loss and muscle wasting in critically ill trauma patients. We conducted a retrospective analysis of a local database in 162 critically ill trauma patients without chronic renal dysfunction. Nutritional-related parameters and 24 h urinary biochemical analyses were prospectively collected and averaged over the first ten days after admission. Augmented renal clearance was defined by a mean creatinine clearance (CLCR) > 130 mL/min/1.73 m2. The main outcome was the cumulated nitrogen balance at day 10. The secondary outcome was the variation of muscle psoas cross-sectional area (ΔCSA) calculated in the subgroup of patients who underwent at least two abdominal CT scans during the ICU length of stay. Overall, there was a significant correlation between mean CLCR and mean urinary nitrogen loss (normalized coefficient: 0.47 ± 0.07, p < 0.0001). ARC was associated with a significantly higher urinary nitrogen loss (17 ± 5 vs. 14 ± 4 g/day, p < 0.0001) and a lower nitrogen balance (−6 ± 5 vs. −4 ± 5 g/day, p = 0.0002), without difference regarding the mean protein intake (0.7 ± 0.2 vs. 0.7 ± 0.3 g/kg/day, p = 0.260). In the subgroup of patients who underwent a second abdominal CT scan (N = 47), both ΔCSA and %ΔCSA were higher in ARC patients (−33 [−41; −25] vs. −15 [−29; −5] mm2/day, p = 0.010 and −3 [−3; −2] vs. −1 [−3; −1] %/day, p = 0.008). Critically ill trauma patients with ARC are thus characterized by a lower nitrogen balance and increased muscle loss over the 10 first days after ICU admission. The interest of an increased protein intake (>1.5 g/kg/day) in such patients remains a matter of controversy and must be confirmed by further randomized trials.