Biselyngbyasides, cytotoxic marine macrolides, are novel and potent inhibitors of the Ca2+pumps with a unique mode of binding

SUMMARY Among animal viruses, arboviruses are unique in that they depend on arthropod vectors for transmission. Field research and laboratory investigations related to the three components of this unique mode of transmission, virus, vector, and vertebrate host, have produced an enormous amount of valuable information that may be found in numerous publications. However, despite many reviews on specific viruses, diseases, or interests, a systematic approach to organizing the available information on all facets of biological transmission and then to interpret it in the context of the evolutionary process has not been attempted before. Such an attempt in this review clearly demonstrates tremendous progress made worldwide to characterize the viruses, to comprehend disease transmission and pathogenesis, and to understand the biology of vectors and their role in transmission. The rapid progress in molecular biologic techniques also helped resolve many virologic puzzles and yielded highly valuable data hitherto unavailable, such as characterization of virus receptors, the genetic basis of vertebrate resistance to viral infection, and phylogenetic evidence of the history of host range shifts in arboviruses. However, glaring gaps in knowledge of many critical subjects, such as the mechanism of viral persistence and the existence of vertebrate reservoirs, are still evident. Furthermore, with the accumulated data, new questions were raised, such as evolutionary directions of virus virulence and of host range. Although many fundamental questions on the evolution of this unique mode of transmission remained unresolved in the absence of a fossil record, available observations for arboviruses and the information derived from studies in other fields of the biological sciences suggested convergent evolution as a plausible process. Overall, discussion of the diverse range of theories proposed and observations made by many investigators was found to be highly valuable for sorting out the possible mechanism(s) of the emergence of arboviral diseases.

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The Structure of Cyber Attacks

International Journal of Information Security and Cybercrime ◽

10.19107/ijisc.2020.01.06 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 43-52

Author(s):

Silviu-Elian MITRĂ

Keyword(s):

Mode Of Action ◽

Cyber Attacks ◽

Cyber Attack ◽

Computer Viruses ◽

Unique Mode ◽

External Sources

The objective of this portfolio is to ensure a good understanding of the topic of the complex and unique mode of action of cyber attacks, as well as the study of the ways in which they occur. The content of this portfolio includes from the beginning of computer viruses to the specific modern mechanisms of cyber attack undertaken by cybercriminals in order to cause detriment, but also theft or damage to certain information. Furthermore, this paper also provides essential aspects regarding the protection methods that users must undertake so that they can prevent and at the same time face these dangers specific to our age. In the elaboration of this study, there were used both personal methods, by applying my own knowledge accumulated through the study, and accessing external sources containing information necessary to complete the insufficiently analyzed problems. In essence, the elaboration of this study ensured the coverage of all relevant domains and aspects that are based on the structure and conception of cyber attacks, as well as in the manner provided by their action and manifestation.

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T4 DNA ligase structure reveals a prototypical ATP-dependent ligase with a unique mode of sliding clamp interaction

Nucleic Acids Research ◽

10.1093/nar/gky776 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 46 (19) ◽

pp. 10474-10488 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Ke Shi ◽

Thomas E Bohl ◽

Jeonghyun Park ◽

Andrew Zasada ◽

Shray Malik ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dna Ligase ◽

T4 Dna Ligase ◽

Sliding Clamp ◽

Unique Mode

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Transcellular biosynthesis of leukotrienes: A unique mode of cell communication

Novel Inhibitors of Leukotrienes ◽

10.1007/978-3-0348-8703-8_7 ◽

1999 ◽

pp. 113-124 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Angelo Sala ◽

Jacques Maclouf

Keyword(s):

Cell Communication ◽

Unique Mode

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Counterfactual Reasoning and Expropriation Compensation: An Argument for Elimination of Elimination Rules

European Property Law Journal ◽

10.1515/eplj-2016-0016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Sjur K Dyrkolbotn

Keyword(s):

Legal Reasoning ◽

Counterfactual Thinking ◽

Case Law ◽

Property Value ◽

Counterfactual Reasoning ◽

England And Wales ◽

Legal Professionals ◽

Unique Mode ◽

The Law ◽

Law And Legislation

AbstractTo award compensation for expropriated property, it is usually necessary to determine what the value of the property would have been if there had been no expropriation. This requires counterfactual thinking, a form of “make-believe” reasoning that legal professionals and valuators often find difficult to apply. The challenge becomes particularly difficult and important when the scheme underlying expropriation influences the value of the property that is taken. In such situations, rules developed in case law and legislation often attempt to clarify when aspects of property value should be attributed to the expropriation scheme and disregarded from further consideration. This article critically addresses elimination rules of this kind, arguing that they interfere with counterfactual assessments in ways that can render these assessments more difficult, less predictable, and more open to manipulation. To illustrate the overarching point, it is argued that recent proposals for reform in England and Wales, aiming to constrain the scope of contrary-to-fact elimination in expropriation cases, might not work as intended and could potentially make the situation worse. More broadly, the article argues that counterfactual reasoning in expropriation cases cannot be circumvented by legislative and casuistic interventions. Just as the law of tort, the law of expropriation compensation illustrates why counterfactual reasoning should be recognised as an irreducible and unique mode of legal reasoning, one that should be addressed as such by legal theorists and lawmakers alike.

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Intraprosthetic Dislocation of Modular Dual-Mobility Total Hip Arthroplasty Components During Closed Reduction: A Report of Two Cases

The Journal of Hip Surgery ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1636509 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 01 (04) ◽

pp. 205-210

Author(s):

Ovninder Johal ◽

Blake Eyberg ◽

Russell Meldrum ◽

J. Walker

Keyword(s):

Total Hip Arthroplasty ◽

Hip Arthroplasty ◽

Closed Reduction ◽

Hip Dislocation ◽

Dual Mobility ◽

Total Hip ◽

Unique Mode ◽

Mode Of Failure ◽

Hip Disease ◽

Intraprosthetic Dislocation

AbstractDual-mobility bearing total hip arthroplasty offers several advantages over traditional prosthesis designs in the treatment of degenerative hip disease. Over decades of use, they have shown proven benefits in both durability and stability. However, despite their practical and theoretical advantages, they present a unique mode of failure not seen with other implants. In this report, the authors present two patients who sustained intraprosthetic dislocation of their dual-mobility total hip arthroplasty components during closed reduction of a hip dislocation.

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Marine Macrolides with Antibacterial and/or Antifungal Activity

Marine Drugs ◽

10.3390/md17040241 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 241 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Tomasz M. Karpiński

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Fungal Infections ◽

Marine Organisms ◽

Antifungal Activities ◽

Chemical Structures ◽

Marine Macrolides ◽

Antifungal Effects ◽

The Future ◽

Antibacterial And Antifungal

Currently, the increasing resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics is a serious problem. Marine organisms are the source of thousands of substances, which also have antibacterial and antifungal effects. Among them, marine macrolides are significant. In this review, the antibacterial and/or antifungal activities of 34 groups of marine macrolides are presented. Exemplary groups are chalcomycins, curvulides, halichondramides, lobophorins, macrolactins, modiolides, scytophycins, spongistatins, or zearalanones. In the paper, 74 antibiotics or their analog sets, among which 29 with antifungal activity, 25 that are antibacterial, and 20 that are both antifungal and antibacterial are summarized. Also, 36 macrolides or their sets are produced by bacteria, 18 by fungi, ten by sponges, seven by algae, two by porifera, and one by nudibranch. Moreover, the chemical structures of representatives from each of the 34 groups of these antibiotics are presented. To summarize, marine organisms are rich in natural macrolides. Some of these may be used in the future in the treatment of bacterial and fungal infections. Marine macrolides can also be potential drugs applicable against pathogens resistant to currently known antibiotics.

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