Compared with the abdominal aorta, the hemodynamic environment in the inferior vena cava (IVC) is not well described. With the use of cine phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and a custom MRI-compatible cycle in an open magnet, we quantified mean blood flow rate, wall shear stress, and cross-sectional lumen area in 11 young normal subjects at the supraceliac and infrarenal levels of the aorta and IVC at rest and during dynamic cycling exercise. Similar to the aorta, the IVC experienced significant increases in blood flow and wall shear stress as a result of exercise, with greater increases in the infrarenal level compared with the supraceliac level. At the infrarenal level during resting conditions, the IVC experienced higher mean flow rate than the aorta (1.2 ± 0.5 vs. 0.9 ± 0.4 l/min, P < 0.01) and higher mean wall shear stress than the aorta (2.0 ± 0.6 vs. 1.3 ± 0.6 dyn/cm2, P < 0.005). During exercise, wall shear stress remained higher in the IVC compared with the aorta, although not significantly. It was also observed that, whereas the aorta tapers inferiorly, the IVC tapers superiorly from the infrarenal to the supraceliac location. The hemodynamic and anatomic data of the IVC acquired in this study add to our understanding of the venous circulation and may be useful in a clinical setting.
Non-invasive Assessment of Intracranial Wall Shear Stress Using High-resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging in combination with Computational Fluid Dynamics Technique
