First report of a new rapid assay for diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins

Harmful Algae ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice V. Laycock ◽  
Joanne F. Jellett ◽  
Dorothy J. Easy ◽  
Mary Anne Donovan
Keyword(s):  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
First Report ◽  
Rapid Assay

Development of Certified Reference Materials for Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins, Part 2: Shellfish Matrix Materials

2016 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 1163-1172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pearse McCarron ◽  
Kelley L Reeves ◽  
Sabrina D Giddings ◽  
Daniel G Beach ◽  
Michael A Quilliam
Keyword(s):  
Reference Materials ◽  
Matrix Effects ◽  
Certified Reference Materials ◽  
Standard Addition ◽  
Tissue Homogenate ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Preliminary Work ◽  
Seafood Industry ◽  
Human Illness

Abstract Okadaic acid (OA) and its analogs, dinophysistoxins-1 (DTX1) and -2 (DTX2) are lipophilic biotoxins produced by marine algae that can accumulate in shellfish and cause the human illness known as diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). Regulatory testing of shellfish is required to protect consumers and the seafood industry. Certified reference materials (CRMs) are essential for the development, validation, and quality control of analytical methods, and thus play an important role in toxin monitoring. This paper summarizes work on research and development of shellfish tissue reference materials for OA and DTXs. Preliminary work established the appropriate conditions for production of shellfish tissue CRMs for OA and DTXs. Source materials, including naturally incurred shellfish tissue and cultured algae, were screened for their DSP toxins. This preliminary work informed planning and production of a wet mussel (Mytilus edulis) tissue homogenate matrix CRM. The homogeneity and stability of the CRM were evaluated and found to be fit-for-purpose. Extraction and LC-tandem MS methods were developed to accurately certify the concentrations of OA, DTX1, and DTX2 using a combination of standard addition and matrix-matched calibration to compensate for matrix effects in electrospray ionization. The concentration of domoic acid was also certified. Uncertainties were assigned following standards and guidelines from the International Organization for Standardization. The presence of other toxins in the CRM was also assessed and information values are reported for OA and DTX acyl esters.

scholarly journals First Report of Okadaic Acid and Pectenotoxins in Individual Cells of Dinophysis and in Scallops Argopecten purpuratus from Perú

Toxins ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Alcántara-Rubira ◽  
Víctor Bárcena-Martínez ◽  
Maribel Reyes-Paulino ◽  
Katherine Medina-Acaro ◽  
Lilibeth Valiente-Terrones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Okadaic Acid ◽  
Harmful Algal Bloom ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
The South ◽  
First Report ◽  
The North ◽  
Cell Quota ◽  
Regulatory Limits ◽  
Argopecten Purpuratus ◽  
Production Areas

Causative species of Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) and toxins in commercially exploited molluscan shellfish species are monitored weekly from four classified shellfish production areas in Perú (three in the north and one in the south). Okadaic acid (OA) and pectenotoxins (PTXs) were detected in hand-picked cells of Dinophysis (D. acuminata-complex and D. caudata) and in scallops (Argopecten purpuratus), the most important commercial bivalve species in Perú. LC-MS analyses revealed two different toxin profiles associated with species of the D. acuminata-complex: (a) one with OA (0.3–8.0 pg cell−1) and PTX2 (1.5–11.1 pg cell−1) and (b) another with only PTX2 which included populations with different toxin cell quota (9.3–9.6 pg cell−1 and 5.8–9.2 pg cell−1). Toxin results suggest the likely presence of two morphotypes of the D. acuminata-complex in the north, and only one of them in the south. Likewise, shellfish toxin analyses revealed the presence of PTX2 in all samples (10.3–34.8 µg kg−1), but OA (7.7–15.2 µg kg−1) only in the northern samples. Toxin levels were below the regulatory limits established for diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) and PTXs (160 µg OA kg−1) in Perú, in all samples analyzed. This is the first report confirming the presence of OA and PTX in Dinophysis cells and in shellfish from Peruvian coastal waters.

Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins in South Australian shellfish

Harmful Algae ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas L. Madigan ◽  
Ken G. Lee ◽  
David J. Padula ◽  
Paul McNabb ◽  
Andrew M. Pointon
Keyword(s):  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Dsp Toxins

First Detection and Seasonal Variation of Lipophilic Toxins Okadaic Acid, Dinophysistoxin-1, and Yessotoxin in Korean Gastropods

2012 ◽  
Vol 75 (11) ◽  
pp. 2000-2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
KA JEONG LEE ◽  
JONG SOO MOK ◽  
KI CHEOL SONG ◽  
HONGSIK YU ◽  
DOO SEOG LEE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Okadaic Acid ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽  
Lipophilic Toxins ◽  
Digestive Glands ◽  
Pectenotoxin 2

Okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1), pectenotoxin-2, and yessotoxin (YTX) are classes of lipophilic toxins found in marine animals. OA and DTX1 accumulation causes diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, a worldwide public health problem. Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning has not previously been reported in gastropods, which are widely consumed in Korea. Seasonal variation in marine lipophilic toxins in gastropods was investigated using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Eighty specimens of Neptunea cumingii, 65 specimens of Rapana venosa, and 95 specimens of Batillus cornutus were collected at the Tongyeong fish market on the southern coast of Korea between May 2009 and December 2010. OA, DTX1, and YTX were detected in meat and digestive glands in all gastropod species studied. Pectenotoxin-2 was not found in any sample tested. Lipophilic toxins were detected in the digestive glands of gastropods; no lipophilic toxin was detected in the salivary glands of the carnivorous gastropods, N. cumingii and R. venosa. The highest concentrations of OA (21.5 ng/g) and DTX1 (8.4 ng/g) were detected in the digestive glands of R. venosa, and the maximum concentration of YTX (13.7 ng/g) was found in the digestive glands of N. cumingii. The maximum toxicities in gastropod tissues were lower than the European standard for acceptable levels. The concentrations of lipophilic toxins in carnivorous gastropods showed a high degree of seasonal variation; lipophilic toxins in carnivorous gastropods were found predominantly in spring and summer. This is the first report of the occurrence of lipophilic toxins in Korean gastropods.

Occurrence of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins in clams (Ruditapes decussatus) from Tunis north lagoon

2011 ◽  
Vol 184 (8) ◽  
pp. 5085-5095 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zina Armi ◽  
Souad Turki ◽  
Elbahri Trabelsi ◽  
Alfiero Ceredi ◽  
Elena Riccardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ruditapes Decussatus ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Dsp Toxins

Analysis of Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins in Shellfish Tissue by Liquid Chromatography with Fluorometric and Mass Spectrometric Detection

1995 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 555-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A Quilliam
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Fluorometric Detection ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Mussel Tissue ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Volumetric Errors ◽  
Dsp Toxins

Abstract Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) is a severe gastrointestinal illness caused by consumption of shellfish contaminated with toxigenic dinoflagellates. The main toxins responsible for DSP are okadaic acid (OA), DTX-1, DTX-2, and DTX-3, the latter being a complex mixture of 7-O-acyl derivatives of the first 3. In this study, existing methods based on liquid chromatography (LC) combined with mass spectrometry (LC–MS) and LC with fluorometric detection (LC–FLD) of anthryldiazomethane (ADAM) derivatives were improved upon to achieve a high degree of accuracy and precision for the determination of DSP toxins in a new mussel tissue reference material (MUS-2). All experimental parameters were examined comprehensively, and a new internal standard and a new solid-phase extraction cleanup method were introduced. Quantitative extraction of DSP toxins from shellfish tissue was achieved by exhaustive extraction with aqueous 80% methanol. Cleanup was accomplished by partitioning the crude aqueous methanol extract with hexane to remove lipids and then with chloroform to isolate the toxins. A further cleanup based on an aminopropylsilica column was useful for LC-MS and looks promising for the ADAM/LC-FLD method. The internal standard, 7-O-acetylokadaic acid, synthesized by partial acetylation of OA, improved accuracy and precision by correcting for incomplete recoveries in extraction, cleanup, and derivatization steps and for volumetric errors and instrumental drift. An improved silica cleanup after ADAM derivatization also was developed by controlling the activities of both sorbent and solvents. The methods were tested with various mussel tissue samples. The resulting improved methods will be useful to analysts involved in routine monitoring of DSP tox ins.

A Survey of Shellfish Toxicity in the Central Adriatic Sea

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 745-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivona Marasović ◽  
Živana Ninčević ◽  
Maja Pavela-Vrančič ◽  
Stjepan Orhanović
Keyword(s):  
Central Region ◽  
Phytoplankton Community ◽  
Adriatic Sea ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Toxic Species ◽  
Bio Assay ◽  
Long Term Survey

The first data substantiating the occurrence of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) in the central region of the Adriatic Sea (Kaštela Bay) in the summer of 1995 is presented. Toxicity was investigated using bio-assay and HPLC-FD analysis. Analysis of samples displaying toxicity, in addition to small concentrations of okadaic acid (OA), suggested the presence of an unknown derivatized compound at high concentration. A long term survey of the phytoplankton community has been conducted. The origin of mussel toxicity was traced to Dinophysis sacculus, a suspected toxic species.

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