Emerging political and demographic divides: State politics, welfare generosity, and adult mortality in U.S. states 1977–2017

Background: Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a major cause of pediatric and adult mortality and morbidity. Unfortunately, to date, no effective treatment has been identified. In the striatum, neuronal injury is analogous to the cellular mechanism of necrosis observed during NMethyl- D-Aspartate (NMDA) excitotoxicity. Adenosine acts as a neuromodulator in the central nervous system, the role of which relies mostly on controlling excitatory glutamatergic synapses. Objective: To examine the effect of pretreatment of SCH58261, an adenosine 2A (A2A) receptor antagonist and modulator of NMDA receptor function, following hypoxic-ischemia (HI) on sodium- potassium ATPase (Na+, K+-ATPase) activity and oxidative stress. Methods: Piglets (4-7 days old) were subjected to 30 min hypoxia and 7 min of airway occlusion producing asphyxic cardiac arrest. Groups were divided into four categories: HI samples were divided into HI-vehicle group (n = 5) and HI-A2A group (n = 5). Sham controls were divided into Sham vehicle (n = 5) and Sham A2A (n = 5) groups. Vehicle groups were pretreated with 0.9% saline, whereas A2A animals were pretreated with SCH58261 10 min prior to intervention. Striatum samples were collected 3 h post-arrest. Sodium-potassium ATPase (Na+, K+-ATPase) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) + 4-hydroxyalkenals (4-HDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels were compared. Results: Pretreatment with SCH58261 significantly attenuated the decrease in Na+, K+-ATPase, decreased MDA+4-HDA levels and increased GSH in the HI-A2A group when compared to HIvehicle. Conclusion: A2A receptor activation may contribute to neuronal injury in newborn striatum after HI in association with decreased Na+, K+-ATPase activity and increased oxidative stress.

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Bioefficacy of enhanced diatomaceous earth and botanical powders on the mortality and progeny production of Acanthoscelides obtectus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Sitophilus granarius (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) and Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in stored grain cereals

International Journal of Tropical Insect Science ◽

10.1017/s1742758417000170 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 37 (04) ◽

pp. 243-258 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Charles Adarkwah ◽

Daniel Obeng-Ofori ◽

Vanessa Hörmann ◽

Christian Ulrichs ◽

Matthias Schöller

Keyword(s):

Tribolium Castaneum ◽

Diatomaceous Earth ◽

Adult Mortality ◽

Botanical Insecticides ◽

Management Approach ◽

Sitophilus Granarius ◽

Progeny Production ◽

Acanthoscelides Obtectus ◽

Stored Grain ◽

Plant Powders

Abstract Food losses caused by insects during postharvest storage are of paramount economic importance worldwide, especially in Africa. Laboratory bioassays were conducted in stored grains to determine the toxicity of powders of Eugenia aromatica and Moringa oleifera alone or combined with enhanced diatomaceous earth (Probe-A® DE, 89.0% SiO2 and 5% silica aerogel) to adult Sitophilus granarius, Tribolium castaneum and Acanthoscelides obtectus. Adult mortality was observed up to 7 days, while progeny production was recorded at 6–10 weeks. LD50 and LT50 values for adult test insects exposed to plant powders and DE, showed that A. obtectus was the most susceptible towards the botanicals (LD50 0.179% and 0.088% wt/wt for E. aromatica and M. oleifera, respectively), followed by S. granarius. Tribolium castaneum was most tolerant (LD50 1.42% wt/wt and 1.40% wt/wt for E. aromatica and M. oleifera, respectively). The combined mixture of plant powders and DE controlled the beetles faster compared to the plant powders alone. LT50 ranged from 55.7 h to 62.5 h for T. castaneum exposed to 1.0% M. oleifera and 1.0% DE, and 0.5% E. aromatica and 1.0% DE, respectively. Botanicals caused significant reduction of F1 adults compared to the control. Combined action of botanical insecticides with DE as a grain protectant in an integrated pest management approach is discussed.

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Premature adult mortality and short‐stay hospitalization in Western Australia attributable to the smoking of tobacco, 1979‐1983

The Medical Journal of Australia ◽

10.5694/j.1326-5377.1986.tb113730.x ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 145 (1) ◽

pp. 7-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

C. D'Arcy J. Holman ◽

Ruth E. Shean

Keyword(s):

Western Australia ◽

Adult Mortality ◽

Short Stay

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Howard G. Brown. War, Revolution, and the Bureaucratic State: Politics and Army Administration in France, 1791–1799. (Oxford Historical Monographs.) New York: Oxford University Press. 1995. Pp. ix, 361. $55.00

The American Historical Review ◽

10.1086/ahr/102.3.827-a ◽

1997 ◽

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

State Politics ◽

Oxford University ◽

Bureaucratic State ◽

Oxford University Press

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Perforation index assessment of cowpea seeds against cowpea bruchid, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) [Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae], infestation using Piper guineense

The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology ◽

10.1186/s41936-020-00195-7 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 81 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Kayode David Ileke ◽

Jacobs Mobolade Adesina ◽

Luke Chinaru Nwosu ◽

Abimbola Olagunju

Keyword(s):

Callosobruchus Maculatus ◽

Adult Emergence ◽

Adult Mortality ◽

Contact Toxicity ◽

Toxicity Assay ◽

Piper Guineense ◽

Cowpea Seeds ◽

Leaf Powder ◽

Human Use ◽

Seed Extracts

Abstract Background Powders and extracts of Piper guineense seeds and leaves were assessed for insecticidal activities against Callosobruchus maculatus in the laboratory at temperature and relative humidity of 29.6 °C and 75.9%, respectively. Bioactive compounds in P. guineense leaves and seeds were also investigated. The powders were tested at rates 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 g/20 g cowpea seeds while extracts were tested at 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0%. Results Results of contact toxicity assay of the seed powder caused 100% adult mortality at 96 h post-treatment period whereas leaf powder evoked 90% adult mortality within the same period at concentration of 1.0 g/20 g cowpea seeds. Low adult emergence was observed on cowpea seeds treated with 1 g of seed powder with percentage adult emergence of 10.0% and inhibition rate (IR) of 97.5%. Beetle Perforation Index (BPI) obtained from treated cowpea seeds was significantly different (P < 0.05) from BPI of untreated seeds. Extracts of P. guineense seed were more toxic than seed powder. Piper guineense seed extract caused 87.5% adult mortality of C. maculatus while leaf extract caused 70.0% adult mortality within 24 h of infestation at concentration of 1%. Progeny development of C. maculatus was completely inhibited in cowpea treated with 2% and 3% leaf and seed extracts of P. guineense. β-Pinene was the most abundant active compound in P. guineense seed (55.6%) and leaf (48.4%). β-Phellandrene occurred 38.2% in seeds while Ocimene had the least value of 0.2% in seed and 0.5% in leaf. Conclusion The study showed that P. guineense seed powder and extracts were more effective than leaf powder and extract. Utilization of plant products as alternative to synthetic insecticides in protecting cowpea seeds against C. maculatus should be encouraged for enhanced food safety and security. Piper guineense is used as spice and medicine and interestingly safe for human use.

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Virulence of Aerial Conidia of Beauveria bassiana Produced under LED Light to Ctenocephalides felis (Cat Flea)

Journal of Pathogens ◽

10.1155/2018/1806830 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-4

Author(s):

Sarayut Pittarate ◽

Malee Thungrabeab ◽

Supamit Mekchay ◽

Patcharin Krutmuang

Keyword(s):

Beauveria Bassiana ◽

Adult Mortality ◽

Ctenocephalides Felis ◽

Fluorescent Light ◽

Malt Extract ◽

Led Light ◽

Red Led ◽

Aerial Conidia ◽

Different Color

Ctenocephalides felis is an ectoparasitic flea species commonly found on dogs and cats. The current study verified the in vitro virulence of conidia of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana produced under different color LED light (red, blue, purple, green, yellow, and white) to adults of C. felis. The fungal isolates were cultivated on malt extract agar (MEA). Bioassay treatments used aerial conidia in test tubes. Adult fleas were obtained from a house cat in Chiang Mai province, Thailand. The experiments were composed of one control and eleven treatment groups. All of the treatments with B. bassiana conidia caused adult mortality after an exposure of 12 h. Among the conditions used in this study, B. bassiana cultured under red LED and fluorescent light were the most effective in causing mortality (100 %) in adult fleas after 36 h. The experimental results indicate that these aerial conidia of B. bassiana have promising potential for use in control of C. felis adult stages.

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A Three-Pronged Approach to Studying Sublethal Insecticide Doses: Characterising Mosquito Fitness, Mosquito Biting Behaviour, and Human/Environmental Health Risks

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects12060546 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 546

Author(s):

Mara Moreno-Gómez ◽

Rubén Bueno-Marí ◽

Miguel. A. Miranda

Keyword(s):

Environmental Health ◽

Population Size ◽

Mosquito Species ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Adult Mortality ◽

Negative Control ◽

Environmental Health Risks ◽

Vector Management ◽

Sublethal Doses ◽

Biting Behaviour

Worldwide, pyrethroids are one of the most widely used insecticide classes. In addition to serving as personal protection products, they are also a key line of defence in integrated vector management programmes. Many studies have assessed the effects of sublethal pyrethroid doses on mosquito fitness and behaviour. However, much remains unknown about the biological, physiological, demographic, and behavioural effects on individual mosquitoes or mosquito populations when exposure occurs via spatial treatments. Here, females and males of two laboratory-reared mosquito species, Culex pipiens and Aedes albopictus, were exposed to five different treatments: three doses of the pyrethroid prallethrin, as well as an untreated and a negative control. The effects of each treatment on mosquito species, sex, adult mortality, fertility, F1 population size, and biting behaviour were also evaluated. To compare knockdown and mortality among treatments, Mantel–Cox log-rank tests were used. The results showed that sublethal doses reduced mosquito survival, influencing population size in the next generation. They also provided 100% protection to human hosts and presented relatively low risks to human and environmental health. These findings emphasise the need for additional studies that assess the benefits of using sublethal doses as part of mosquito management strategies.

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