The effect of sanitary and phytosanitary measures on Cameroon’s cocoa exports: An application of the gravity model

This study quantifies the structure similarity of nontariff measures between countries and estimates its impact on bilateral agricultural trade using a structural gravity model. The findings show that a similar structure of technical barriers to trade (TBT) between countries is likely to expand their bilateral trade. However, a similar structure of sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS) is shown to have negative impacts on agricultural trade. We also discuss the effects of regulatory harmonization on sustainable development.

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ANALISIS PENGARUH NON-TARIFF MEASURES EKSPOR KOMODITI CRUDE PALM OIL (CPO) INDONESIA KE NEGARA TUJUAN EKSPOR UTAMA

JURNAL EKONOMI DAN KEBIJAKAN PEMBANGUNAN ◽

10.29244/jekp.3.2.111-135 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 111-135 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ayu Renita Sari ◽

Dedi Budiman Hakim ◽

Lukytawati Anggraeni

Keyword(s):

Gravity Model ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Trade Flow ◽

Trade Barriers ◽

Fixed Effects Model ◽

Crude Palm Oil ◽

Phytosanitary Measures ◽

The Impact

The study of this paper is aimed to evaluate the effects of non-tariff measures (NTM) upon Indonesian crude palm oil (CPO) export in the main destinations. Identified the competitiveness analysis using the Revealed Comparative Advantage index and the impact of the measures has estimated using a panel data gravity model constructed with disaggregated data about bilateral export trade flow of crude palm oil between Indonesia and its main trade partners for the period from 2003 to 2013. NTM represented binary variable that specified with a dummy variable. The gravity model has estimated with a fixed effects model and the results indicated that the existence of trade barriers to trade (TBT) appears to impede the Indonesian exports of CPO. But the existence of sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS) which related to food safety and the existence of trade remedy (antidumping, subsidy, safeguard) presented a positive impact upon the Indonesian exports of CPO. Keywords: Export, Non-Tariff Measures (NTM), Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS), Trade Barriers to Trade (TBT), Trade Remedy, Crude Palm Oil

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ANALISIS PENGARUH NON-TARIFF MEASURES EKSPOR KOMODITI CRUDE PALM OIL (CPO) INDONESIA KE NEGARA TUJUAN EKSPOR UTAMA

JURNAL EKONOMI DAN KEBIJAKAN PEMBANGUNAN ◽

10.29244/jekp.3.2.2014.111-135 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 111-135

Author(s):

Ayu Renita Sari ◽

Dedi Budiman Hakim ◽

Lukytawati Anggraeni

Keyword(s):

Gravity Model ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Trade Flow ◽

Trade Barriers ◽

Fixed Effects Model ◽

Crude Palm Oil ◽

Phytosanitary Measures ◽

The Impact

The study of this paper is aimed to evaluate the effects of non-tariff measures (NTM) upon Indonesian crude palm oil (CPO) export in the main destinations. Identified the competitiveness analysis using the Revealed Comparative Advantage index and the impact of the measures has estimated using a panel data gravity model constructed with disaggregated data about bilateral export trade flow of crude palm oil between Indonesia and its main trade partners for the period from 2003 to 2013. NTM represented binary variable that specified with a dummy variable. The gravity model has estimated with a fixed effects model and the results indicated that the existence of trade barriers to trade (TBT) appears to impede the Indonesian exports of CPO. But the existence of sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS) which related to food safety and the existence of trade remedy (antidumping, subsidy, safeguard) presented a positive impact upon the Indonesian exports of CPO. Keywords: Export, Non-Tariff Measures (NTM), Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS), Trade Barriers to Trade (TBT), Trade Remedy, Crude Palm Oil

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The Gravity Model in International Trade

10.1017/cbo9780511762109 ◽

2009 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Keyword(s):

International Trade ◽

Gravity Model

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Internal migration in Italy. Long-run analysis of push and pull factors across regions and macro-areas of the country.

MIGRATION LETTERS ◽

10.33182/ml.v13i3.295 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 443-454

Author(s):

Piras Romano

Keyword(s):

Gravity Model ◽

Internal Migration ◽

Empirical Studies ◽

Great Majority ◽

Pull Factors ◽

Push And Pull Factors ◽

Long Run ◽

Italian Regions ◽

Migration Flows ◽

Push And Pull

The great majority of empirical studies on internal migration across Italian regions either ignores the long-run perspective of the phenomenon or do not consider push and pull factors separately. In addition, Centre-North to South flows, intra-South and intra-Centre-North migration have not been studied. We aim to fill this gap and tackle interregional migration flows from different geographical perspectives. We apply four panel data estimators with different statistical assumptions and show that long-run migration flows from the Mezzogiorno towards Centre-Northern regions are well explained by a gravity model in which per capita GDP, unemployment and population play a major role. On the contrary, migration flows from Centre-North to South has probably much to do with other social and demographic factors. Finally, intra Centre-North and intra South migration flows roughly obey to the gravity model, though not all explicative variables are relevant.

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