scholarly journals ANALISIS PENGARUH NON-TARIFF MEASURES EKSPOR KOMODITI CRUDE PALM OIL (CPO) INDONESIA KE NEGARA TUJUAN EKSPOR UTAMA

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-135
Author(s):  
Ayu Renita Sari ◽  
Dedi Budiman Hakim ◽  
Lukytawati Anggraeni
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Model ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Trade Flow ◽  
Trade Barriers ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Phytosanitary Measures ◽  
The Impact

The study of this paper is aimed to evaluate the effects of non-tariff measures (NTM) upon Indonesian crude palm oil (CPO) export in the main destinations. Identified the competitiveness analysis using the Revealed Comparative Advantage index and the impact of the measures has estimated using a panel data gravity model constructed with disaggregated data about bilateral export trade flow of crude palm oil between Indonesia and its main trade partners for the period from 2003 to 2013. NTM represented binary variable that specified with a dummy variable. The gravity model has estimated with a fixed effects model and the results indicated that the existence of trade barriers to trade (TBT) appears to impede the Indonesian exports of CPO. But the existence of sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS) which related to food safety and the existence of trade remedy (antidumping, subsidy, safeguard) presented a positive impact upon the Indonesian exports of CPO. Keywords: Export, Non-Tariff Measures (NTM), Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS), Trade Barriers to Trade (TBT), Trade Remedy, Crude Palm Oil

scholarly journals ANALISIS PENGARUH NON-TARIFF MEASURES EKSPOR KOMODITI CRUDE PALM OIL (CPO) INDONESIA KE NEGARA TUJUAN EKSPOR UTAMA

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayu Renita Sari ◽  
Dedi Budiman Hakim ◽  
Lukytawati Anggraeni
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Model ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Trade Flow ◽  
Trade Barriers ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Phytosanitary Measures ◽  
The Impact

The study of this paper is aimed to evaluate the effects of non-tariff measures (NTM) upon Indonesian crude palm oil (CPO) export in the main destinations. Identified the competitiveness analysis using the Revealed Comparative Advantage index and the impact of the measures has estimated using a panel data gravity model constructed with disaggregated data about bilateral export trade flow of crude palm oil between Indonesia and its main trade partners for the period from 2003 to 2013. NTM represented binary variable that specified with a dummy variable. The gravity model has estimated with a fixed effects model and the results indicated that the existence of trade barriers to trade (TBT) appears to impede the Indonesian exports of CPO. But the existence of sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS) which related to food safety and the existence of trade remedy (antidumping, subsidy, safeguard) presented a positive impact upon the Indonesian exports of CPO. Keywords: Export, Non-Tariff Measures (NTM), Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS), Trade Barriers to Trade (TBT), Trade Remedy, Crude Palm Oil

scholarly journals Measuring the Impact of an Open Online Prescribing Data Analysis Service on Clinical Practice: a Cohort Study in NHS England Data

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex J Walker ◽  
Helen J Curtis ◽  
Richard Croker ◽  
Seb Bacon ◽  
Ben Goldacre
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Practice Level ◽  
Prescribing Quality ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
The Impact

AbstractBackgroundOpenPrescribing is a freely accessible service that enables any user to view and analyse NHS primary care prescribing data at the level of individual practices. This tool is intended to improve the quality, safety, and cost-effectiveness of prescribing.ObjectivesWe set out to measure the impact of OpenPrescribing being viewed on subsequent prescribing.MethodsHaving pre-registered our protocol and code, we measured three different metrics of prescribing quality (mean percentile across 34 existing OpenPrescribing quality measures, available “price-per-unit” savings, and total “low-priority prescribing” spend) to see if they changed after CCG and practice pages were viewed. We also measured whether practices whose data were viewed on OpenPrescribing differed in prescribing, prior to viewing, to those who were not. We used fixed effects and between effects linear panel regression, to isolate change over time and differences between practices respectively. We adjusted for month of prescribing in the fixed effects model, to remove underlying trends in outcome measures.ResultsWe found a reduction in available price-per-unit savings for both practices and CCGs after their pages were viewed. The saving was greater at the practice level (−£40.42 per thousand patients per month, 95% confidence interval −54.04 to −26.01) than at CCG level (−£14.70 per thousand patients per month, 95% confidence interval −25.56 to −3.84). We estimate a total saving since launch of £243k at practice level and £1.47m at CCG level between the feature launch and end of follow-up (August to November 2017) among practices viewed. If the observed savings from practices viewed were extrapolated to all practices, this would generate £26.8m in annual savings for the NHS, approximately 20% of the total possible savings from this method. The other two measures were not different after CCGs/practices were viewed. Practices which were viewed had worse prescribing quality scores overall, prior to viewing.ConclusionsWe found a clinically significant positive impact from use of OpenPrescribing, specifically for the class of savings opportunities that can only be identified by using this tool. We also show that it is possible to conduct a robust analysis of the impact of such an online service on clinical practice.

scholarly journals A Gravity Model Approach towards Pakistan’s Bilateral Trade with SAARC Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 23-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waheed Ullah Jan ◽  
Mahmood Shah
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Model ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Trade Potential ◽  
The Common

This research paper attempts to estimate the bilateral trade of Pakistan with SAARC countries using a gravity model of trade. This panel study covers the period from 2003 to 2016. The empirical results are obtained through pooled OLS, fixed‑effects, and random‑effects estimators. On the basis of Hausman test results, the paper concentrates only on the findings of the fixed‑effects model. The empirical findings reveal that the GDPs of both Pakistan and the partner country have a positive impact on bilateral trade. Market size has a negative impact on trade and this is justified on the basis of the absorption effect. Similarly, distance and exchange rate also have a negative correlation with bilateral trade. The study finds that Pakistan has very low trade with India and Afghanistan, despite the common border. A common language has a positive but insignificant impact on Pakistan’s bilateral trade. The Paper also attempts to calculate the trade potential of Pakistan. The findings reveal that Pakistan has high trade potential with all SAARC member countries except the Maldives and Afghanistan.

scholarly journals Measuring the Impact of an Open Web-Based Prescribing Data Analysis Service on Clinical Practice: Cohort Study on NHS England Data (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex J Walker ◽  
Helen J Curtis ◽  
Richard Croker ◽  
Seb Bacon ◽  
Ben Goldacre
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Practice Level ◽  
Prescribing Quality ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND OpenPrescribing is a freely accessible service that enables any user to view and analyze the National Health Service (NHS) primary care prescribing data at the level of individual practices. This tool is intended to improve the quality, safety, and cost-effectiveness of prescribing. OBJECTIVE We aimed to measure the impact of OpenPrescribing being viewed on subsequent prescribing. METHODS Having preregistered our protocol and code, we measured three different metrics of prescribing quality (mean percentile across 34 existing OpenPrescribing quality measures, available “price-per-unit” savings, and total “low-priority prescribing” spend) to see whether they changed after the viewing of Clinical Commissioning Group (CCG) and practice pages. We also measured whether practices whose data were viewed on OpenPrescribing differed in prescribing, prior to viewing, compared with those who were not. We used fixed-effects and between-effects linear panel regression to isolate change over time and differences between practices, respectively. We adjusted for the month of prescribing in the fixed-effects model to remove underlying trends in outcome measures. RESULTS We found a reduction in available price-per-unit savings for both practices and CCGs after their pages were viewed. The saving was greater at practice level (−£40.42 per thousand patients per month; 95% CI −54.04 to −26.81) than at CCG level (−£14.70 per thousand patients per month; 95% CI −25.56 to −3.84). We estimate a total saving since launch of £243 thosand at practice level and £1.47 million at CCG level between the feature launch and end of follow-up (August to November 2017) among practices viewed. If the observed savings from practices viewed were extrapolated to all practices, this would generate £26.8 million in annual savings for the NHS, approximately 20% of the total possible savings from this method. The other two measures were not different after CCGs or practices were viewed. Practices that were viewed had worse prescribing quality scores overall prior to viewing. CONCLUSIONS We found a positive impact from the use of OpenPrescribing, specifically for the class of savings opportunities that can only be identified by using this tool. Furthermore, we show that it is possible to conduct a robust analysis of the impact of such a Web-based service on clinical practice.

scholarly journals The Impact of Haze on the Availability of Company Debt Financing: Evidence for Sustainability of Chinese Listed Companies

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Li ◽  
Peixiang Guo ◽  
Yating Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Listed Companies ◽  
Debt Financing ◽  
Enterprise Management ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Marginal Increment ◽  
The Impact

Based on the data of A-share listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges from 2013 to 2017 and the air quality monitoring data released by China Environmental Monitoring Station, the paper examines the impact of haze on the availability of company debt financing by using fixed-effects model and quantile regression model. The empirical results show that: Firstly, haze has a positive impact on the demand of company debt financing, and the positive effect is marginal increment. Secondly, haze has a negative impact on the availability of company debt financing, and the negative impact is also marginal increment. Further study found that heavy polluting industry characteristics weaken the impact of haze on company debt financing availability. The paper analyzes the influence of air pollution on enterprise management from the perspective of company debt financing and explains the necessity for companies to implement an environmentally sustainable development strategy.

scholarly journals An Analysis of India’s Trade Flow with BIMSTEC nations- A Gravity Model Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
SUNIL RAI ◽  
Anand Shankar Paswan ◽  
Dr. S.N. Jha
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Model ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Trade Flow ◽  
Total Trade ◽  
Contemporaneous Correlation ◽  
Trading Bloc ◽  
Trading Pattern ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Global Population ◽  
Model Approach

At present, the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) represent 22 percent of the global population and carries immense economic promise, with a combined GDP worth $ 3.5 trillion (2018). BIMSTEC have India as the largest economy of the group followed by Bangladesh, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Myanmar and Bhutan. The paper tries to examine the impact of determinants of trade, on trading pattern of India with the BIMSTEC nations, by employing an augmented gravity model on panel data, since its formation for the period of 22 years i.e., from 1997-2018. The paper tries to examine the India’s trade flow within BIMSTEC trading bloc by implying augmented gravity model followed by Egger (2000,2002), Baltagi et al. (2003) and Serlenga and Shin (2007). Several checks have been performed to imply the presence of serial correlation, heteroscedasticity and contemporaneous correlation in the panels. Many other preliminary tests have also been performed to know the crosssectional dependency, stationarity, panel co-integration and normality of variables. The simple panel OLS estimation technique has been used conduct Regression. The study finds out that Heckscher-Ohlin- Samuelson theorem explain the India’s pattern of trade with the bloc. The variables GDP, per capita GDP, Trade GDP ratio, common border and belonging to BIMSTEC has positive impact on the trade between the India and country j. While tax and distance are negatively correlated with total trade of the nations as per our expectations.

scholarly journals Determinants of trade flow of some selected non-traditional agricultural export commodities in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (105) ◽  
pp. 18869-18885
Author(s):  
EA Etuk ◽  
◽  
IF Idem
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Model ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Trade Flow ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Positive Sign ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Estimation Model ◽  
Trade Expansion ◽  
Agricultural Export

This study analysed the determinants of trade flow of some selected non-traditional agricultural export commodities in Nigeria, for the period 2007 to 2017. The objective of the study was to analyse the factors that determine the export of these commodities. The study used trade data of thirty-six importing countries of these commodities around the world. The secondary data used was sourced from various institutions’ databases. A balanced panel data from 36 countries for the years 2007-2017 were used with one dependent variable and ten explanatory variables (a total of n=396, N=36, and T=11); all variables were expressed in natural logarithm. The gravity estimation model was used in data analysis. The Hausman test was used in model selection and the test rejected the null hypothesis (random effects were efficient). Therefore, the fixed effects model was used in the gravity model results’ interpretation. The gravity model results indicate that Nigeria’s export of non-traditional commodities (classified as HS12 in the United Nations International Trade Statistics) follows the basic gravity model apriori expectations, implying that bilateral trade flows will increase in proportion to the trading partner’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and decrease in proportion to the distance involved.The level of openness of Nigeria’s economy and that of the importing countries were major determinants of trade flow of Nigeria’s HS12 commodity exports. This variable carried the expected positive sign for both Nigeria and its trading Partners and was also statistically significant at the 5% level. However, the real exchange rate variable was not a major determinant of HS12 commodity trade. The distance variable was statistically significant indicating the need for regional trade expansion. The dummy variable of the trading partner being an African country was positive and a significant factor in the determinants of the HS12 commodities. However, colonial or official language ties were negatively signed and significant, implying that this was not a major contributor to trade in these commodities. The study recommends that favorable import and export promotion policies and trade openness to boost growth in the quantity of non-traditional exports should form part of government trade policies; and Nigeria should also take advantage of the proposed African Free Trade Area considering the gains she stands to make through proximity in distance.

Is the economic benefit of Bt cotton dying away in China

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 322-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fangbin Qiao ◽  
Yi Yao
Keyword(s):  
Economic Benefit ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Bt Cotton ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cotton Price ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Sown Area

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to try to empirically answer whether the economic benefit of Bt cotton is dying away in China. As the development of the pest resistance and the outbreak of the secondary pest, it was believed that economic benefit of Bt cotton is dying away. And reduction of cotton sown area in recent years had been considered as one of the consequences. This study empirically estimates the impact of Bt cotton adoption on cotton sown area. Design/methodology/approach – This paper uses regression techniques based on provincial level data. In addition, the fixed-effects model is used to control the impact of those time-consistent variables. Finally, several scenarios are estimated for the robustness of the estimation results. Findings – This study shows that the adoption of Bt cotton has positive impact on cotton sown area. On the other hand, the increasing labor cost and decreasing cotton price might be the real reasons behind the decrease of cotton sown area. Originality/value – This, it is believed, is one of the first studies to empirically answer the impact of Bt cotton adoption on cotton sown area in China, using national representative data.

Dampak Kebijakan Moneter Pada Output Di Negara-Negara ASEAN Tahun 1980-2014

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-70
Author(s):  
Nur Widiastuti
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Interest Rate ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
State Data ◽  
Ordinary Least Square ◽  
The Impact

The Impact of monetary Policy on Ouput is an ambiguous. The results of previous empirical studies indicate that the impact can be a positive or negative relationship. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of monetary policy on Output more detail. The variables to estimatate monetery poicy are used state and board interest rate andrate. This research is conducted by Ordinary Least Square or Instrumental Variabel, method for 5 countries ASEAN. The state data are estimated for the period of 1980 – 2014. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the impact of monetary policy on Output shown are varied.Keyword: Monetary Policy, Output, Panel Data, Fixed Effects Model

scholarly journals Cultural and Creative Cities and Regional Economic Efficiency: Context Conditions as Catalyzers of Cultural Vibrancy and Creative Economy

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7150
Author(s):  
Silvia Cerisola ◽  
Elisa Panzera
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Creative Economy ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Creative Cities ◽  
Economic Output ◽  
Innovative Methodology ◽  
Holistic Conception ◽  
Panel Fixed Effects ◽  
The Impact

Following the hype that has been given to culture and creativity as triggers and enhancers of local economic performance in the last 20 years, this work originally contributes to the literature with the objective of assessing the impact of cultural and creative cities (CCCs) on the economic output of their regions. In this sense, the cultural and creative character of cities is considered a strategic strength and opportunity that can spillover, favoring the economic system of the entire regions in which the cities are located. Through an innovative methodology that exploits a regional production function estimated by a panel fixed effects model, the effect of cities’ cultural vibrancy and creative economy on the output of their regions is econometrically explored. The data source is the Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor (CCCM) provided by the JRC, which also allows the investigation of the possible role played by the enabling environment in catalyzing the action of cultural vibrancy and creative economy. The results are thoroughly examined: especially through cultural vibrancy, CCCs strategically support the output of their region. This is particularly the case when local context conditions—such as human capital and education, openness, tolerance and trust, and quality of governance—catalyze their effect. Overall, CCCs contribute to feeding a long-term self-supporting system, interpreted according to a holistic conception that includes economic, social, cultural, and environmental domains.

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