An ERP study of the effect of time interval memory trace on temporal processing

2005 ◽  
Vol 1278 ◽  
pp. 373-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiko Mochizuki ◽  
Shigeki Takeuchi ◽  
Hiroaki Masaki ◽  
Noriyoshi Takasawa ◽  
Katuo Yamazaki
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Processing ◽  
Memory Trace ◽  
Time Interval

scholarly journals Differential Sustained and Transient Temporal Processing Across Visual Streams

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Stigliani ◽  
Brianna Jeska ◽  
Kalanit Grill-Spector
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Temporal Processing ◽  
Visual Experience ◽  
Memory Trace ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Visual Input ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
Neural Computations ◽  
High Level ◽  
Rapid Processing

ABSTRACTHow do high-level visual regions process the temporal aspects of our visual experience? While the temporal sensitivity of early visual cortex has been studied with fMRI in humans, temporal processing in high-level visual cortex is largely unknown. By modeling neural responses with millisecond precision in separate sustained and transient channels, and introducing a flexible encoding framework that captures differences in neural temporal integration time windows and response nonlinearities, we predict fMRI responses across visual cortex for stimuli ranging from 33 ms to 20 s. Using this innovative approach, we discovered that lateral category-selective regions respond to visual transients associated with stimulus onsets and offsets but not sustained visual information. Thus, lateral category-selective regions compute moment-tomoment visual transitions, but not stable features of the visual input. In contrast, ventral category-selective regions respond to both sustained and transient components of the visual input. Responses to sustained stimuli exhibit adaptation, whereas responses to transient stimuli are surprisingly larger for stimulus offsets than onsets. This large offset transient response may reflect a memory trace of the stimulus when it is no longer visible, whereas the onset transient response may reflect rapid processing of new items. Together, these findings reveal previously unconsidered, fundamental temporal mechanisms that distinguish visual streams in the human brain. Importantly, our results underscore the promise of modeling brain responses with millisecond precision to understand the underlying neural computations.AUTHOR SUMMARYHow does the brain encode the timing of our visual experience? Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and a temporal encoding model with millisecond resolution, we discovered that visual regions in the lateral and ventral processing streams fundamentally differ in their temporal processing of the visual input. Regions in lateral temporal cortex process visual transients associated with stimulus onsets and offsets but not the unchanging aspects of the visual input. That is, they compute moment-to-moment changes in the visual input. In contrast, regions in ventral temporal cortex process both stable and transient components, with the former exhibiting adaptation. Surprisingly, in these ventral regions responses to stimulus offsets were larger than onsets. We suggest that the former may reflect a memory trace of the stimulus, when it is no longer visible, and the latter may reflect rapid processing of new items at stimulus onset. Together, these findings (i) reveal a fundamental temporal mechanism that distinguishes visual streams and (ii) highlight both the importance and utility of modeling brain responses with millisecond precision to understand the temporal dynamics of neural computations in the human brain.

scholarly journals What you see depends on what you hear: temporal averaging and crossmodal integration

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lihan Chen ◽  
Xiaolin Zhou ◽  
Hermann J. Müller ◽  
Zhuanghua Shi
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Processing ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Auditory Information ◽  
Averaging Principle ◽  
Summary Statistic ◽  
Auditory Sequence ◽  
Ternus Display ◽  
Bayesian Integration ◽  
Group Motion

AbstractIn our multisensory world, we often rely more on auditory information than on visual input for temporal processing. One typical demonstration of this is that the rate of auditory flutter assimilates the rate of concurrent visual flicker. To date, however, this auditory dominance effect has largely been studied using regular auditory rhythms. It thus remains unclear whether irregular rhythms would have a similar impact on visual temporal processing; what information is extracted from the auditory sequence that comes to influence visual timing; and how the auditory and visual temporal rates are integrated together in quantitative terms. We investigated these questions by assessing, and modeling, the influence of a task-irrelevant auditory sequence on the type of ‘Ternus apparent motion’: group motion versus element motion. The type of motion seen critically depends on the time interval between the two Ternus display frames. We found that an irrelevant auditory sequence preceding the Ternus display modulates the visual interval, making observers perceive either more group motion or more element motion. This biasing effect manifests whether the auditory sequence is regular or irregular, and it is based on a summary statistic extracted from the sequential intervals: their geometric mean. However, the audiovisual interaction depends on the discrepancy between the mean auditory and visual intervals: if it becomes too large, no interaction occurs – which can be quantitatively described by a partial Bayesian integration model. Overall, our findings reveal a crossmodal perceptual averaging principle that may underlie complex audiovisual interactions in many everyday dynamic situations.Public Significance StatementThe present study shows that auditory rhythms, regardless of their regularity, can influence the way in which the visual system times (subsequently presented) events, thereby altering dynamic visual (motion) perception. This audiovisual temporal interaction is based on a summary statistic derived from the auditory sequence: the geometric mean interval, which is then combined with the visual interval in a process of partial Bayesian integration (where integration is unlikely to occur if the discrepancy between the auditory and visual intervals is too large). We propose that this crossmodal perceptual averaging principle underlies complex audiovisual interactions in many everyday dynamic perception scenarios.Author NoteThis study was supported by grants from the Natural Science Foundation of China (31200760, 61621136008, 61527804), German DFG project SH166 3/1 and “projektbezogener Wissenschaftleraustausch” (proWA). The data, and the source code of statistical analysis and modeling are available at https://github.com/msenselab/temporal_averaging. Part of the study has been presented as a talk in 17th International Multisensory Research Forum (IMRF, June 2016, Suzhou, China).

Temporal processing dysfunction in schizophrenia as measured by time interval discrimination and tempo reproduction tasks

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 173-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charalabos Papageorgiou ◽  
Irene S. Karanasiou ◽  
Fotini Kapsali ◽  
Xanthy Stachtea ◽  
Miltiades Kyprianou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Processing ◽  
Time Interval

Evolution of Motor Memory During the Seconds After Observation of Motor Error

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (6) ◽  
pp. 3976-3985 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent S. Huang ◽  
Reza Shadmehr
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Model ◽  
Memory Trace ◽  
Motor Memory ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Reaching Task ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Trace Model ◽  
Motor Error ◽  
Error Memory

When a movement results in error, the nervous system amends the motor commands that generate the subsequent movement. Here we show that this adaptation depends not just on error, but also on passage of time between the two movements. We observed that subjects learned a reaching task faster, i.e., with fewer trials, when the intertrial time intervals (ITIs) were lengthened. We hypothesized two computational mechanisms that could have accounted for this. First, learning could have been driven by a Bayesian process where the learner assumed that errors are the result of perturbations that have multiple timescales. In theory, longer ITIs can produce faster learning because passage of time might increase uncertainty, which in turn increases sensitivity to error. Second, error in a trial may result in a trace that decays with time. If the learner continued to sample from the trace during the ITI, then adaptation would increase with increased ITIs. The two models made separate predictions: The Bayesian model predicted that when movements are separated by random ITIs, the learner would learn most from a trial that followed a long time interval. In contrast, the trace model predicted that the learner would learn most from a trial that preceded a long time interval. We performed two experiments to test for these predictions and in both experiments found evidence for the trace model. We suggest that motor error produces an error memory trace that decays with a time constant of about 4 s, continuously promoting adaptation until the next movement.

Pspan: A New Tool for Assessing Pitch Temporal Processing and Patterning Capacity

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 322-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurora J. Weaver ◽  
Jeffrey J. DiGiovanni ◽  
Dennis T. Ries
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Processing

Suppressed, but Not Forgotten

2011 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beat Meier ◽  
Anja König ◽  
Samuel Parak ◽  
Katharina Henke
Keyword(s):  
Memory Trace ◽  
Thought Suppression ◽  
Test Phase ◽  
Indirect Test ◽  
Final Test ◽  
Test Experiment ◽  
And Control ◽  
Cue Words ◽  
The Impact

This study investigates the impact of thought suppression over a 1-week interval. In two experiments with 80 university students each, we used the think/no-think paradigm in which participants initially learn a list of word pairs (cue-target associations). Then they were presented with some of the cue words again and should either respond with the target word or avoid thinking about it. In the final test phase, their memory for the initially learned cue-target pairs was tested. In Experiment 1, type of memory test was manipulated (i.e., direct vs. indirect). In Experiment 2, type of no-think instructions was manipulated (i.e., suppress vs. substitute). Overall, our results showed poorer memory for no-think and control items compared to think items across all experiments and conditions. Critically, however, more no-think than control items were remembered after the 1-week interval in the direct, but not in the indirect test (Experiment 1) and with thought suppression, but not thought substitution instructions (Experiment 2). We suggest that during thought suppression a brief reactivation of the learned association may lead to reconsolidation of the memory trace and hence to better retrieval of suppressed than control items in the long term.

Focusing of Visuospatial Attention

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 256-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caterina Pesce ◽  
Rainer Bösel
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Times ◽  
Visual Space ◽  
Spatial Relation ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Visuospatial Attention ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Task Conditions ◽  
Simple Rt

Abstract In the present study we explored the focusing of visuospatial attention in subjects practicing and not practicing activities with high attentional demands. Similar to the studies of Castiello and Umiltà (e. g., 1990) , our experimental procedure was a variation of Posner's (1980) basic paradigm for exploring covert orienting of visuospatial attention. In a simple RT-task, a peripheral cue of varying size was presented unilaterally or bilaterally from a central fixation point and followed by a target at different stimulus-onset-asynchronies (SOAs). The target could occur validly inside the cue or invalidly outside the cue with varying spatial relation to its boundary. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and reaction times (RTs) were recorded to target stimuli under the different task conditions. RT and ERP findings showed converging aspects as well as dissociations. Electrophysiological results revealed an amplitude modulation of the ERPs in the early and late Nd time interval at both anterior and posterior scalp sites, which seems to be related to the effects of peripheral informative cues as well as to the attentional expertise. Results were: (1) shorter latency effects confirm the positive-going amplitude enhancement elicited by unilateral peripheral cues and strengthen the criticism against the neutrality of spatially nonpredictive peripheral cueing of all possible target locations which is often presumed in behavioral studies. (2) Longer latency effects show that subjects with attentional expertise modulate the distribution of the attentional resources in the visual space differently than nonexperienced subjects. Skilled practice may lead to minimizing attentional costs by automatizing the use of a span of attention that is adapted to the most frequent task demands and endogenously increases the allocation of resources to cope with less usual attending conditions.

Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorder Symptoms

2001 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Leonard Burns ◽  
James A. Walsh ◽  
David R. Patterson ◽  
Carol S. Holte ◽  
Rita Sommers-Flanagan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Behavior Disorder ◽  
Disruptive Behavior Disorder ◽  
Subjective Rating ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Assessment Procedure ◽  
Frequency Count ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Oppositional Defiant

Summary: Rating scales are commonly used to measure the symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and conduct disorder (CD). While these scales have positive psychometric properties, the scales share a potential weakness - the use of vague or subjective rating procedures to measure symptom occurrence (e. g., never, occasionally, often, and very often). Rating procedures based on frequency counts for a specific time interval (e. g., never, once, twice, once per month, once per week, once per day, more than once per day) are less subjective and provide a conceptually better assessment procedure for these symptoms. Such a frequency count procedure was used to obtain parent ratings on the ADHD, ODD, and CD symptoms in a normative (nonclinical) sample of 3,500 children and adolescents. Although the current study does not provide a direct comparison of the two types of rating procedures, the results suggest that the frequency count procedure provides a potentially more useful way to measure these symptoms. The implications of the results are noted for the construction of rating scales to measure the ADHD, ODD, and CD symptoms.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document