scholarly journals Aiming higher: Learning profiles and gender equality in 10 low- and middle-income countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 ◽  
pp. 102272
Author(s):  
Michelle Kaffenberger ◽  
Lant Pritchett
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Higher Learning ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Low And Middle Income

scholarly journals Addressing the Linkages between Gender and Transport in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (17) ◽  
pp. 4555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanu Priya Uteng ◽  
Jeff Turner
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Millennium Development Goals ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
History Of ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Research And Policy ◽  
Low And Middle Income

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) specifies gender equality and sustainable development as their two central priorities. An area of critical importance for sustainable and gender-fair development is mobility and transport, which has so far been neglected and downplayed in research and policy making both at the national and global levels. Rooted in the history of the topic and the emerging ideas on smart, green and integrated transport, this paper presents a literature review of on gender and transport in the low- and middle-income countries. The paper presents a host of cross-cutting topics with a concentrated focus on spatial and transport planning. The paper further identifies existing research gaps and comments on the new conceptualizations on smart cities and smart mobilities in the Global South. Due attention is paid to intersections and synergies that can be created between different development sectors, emerging transport modes, data and modeling exercises, gender equality and sustainability.

scholarly journals Development of a healthy ageing index in Latin American countries - a 10/66 dementia research group population-based study

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Daskalopoulou ◽  
Kia-Chong Chua ◽  
Artemis Koukounari ◽  
Francisco Félix Caballero ◽  
Martin Prince ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Functional Ability ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Healthy Ageing ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Intrinsic Capacity ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Abstract Background Our population is ageing and in 2050 more than one out of five people will be 60 years or older; 80% of whom will be living in a low-and-middle income country. Living longer does not entail living healthier; however, there is not a widely accepted measure of healthy ageing hampering policy and research. The World Health Organization defines healthy ageing as the process of developing and maintaining functional ability that will enable well-being in older age. We aimed to create a healthy ageing index (HAI) in a subset of six low-and-middle income countries, part of the 10/66 study, by using items of functional ability and intrinsic capacity. Methods The study sample included residents 65-years old and over (n = 12,865) from catchment area sites in Cuba, Dominican Republic, Peru, Venezuela, Mexico and Puerto Rico. Items were collected by interviewing participants or key informants between 2003 and 2010. Two-stage factor analysis was employed and we compared one-factor, second-order and bifactor models. The psychometric properties of the index, including reliability, replicability, unidimensionality and concurrent convergent validity as well as measurement invariance per ethnic group and gender were further examined in the best fit model. Results The bifactor model displayed superior model fit statistics supporting that a general factor underlies the various items but other subdomain factors are also needed. The HAI indicated excellent reliability (ω = 0.96, ωΗ = 0.84), replicability (H = 0.96), some support for unidimensionality (Explained Common Variance = 0.65) and some concurrent convergent validity with self-rated health. Scalar measurement invariance per ethnic group and gender was supported. Conclusions A HAI with excellent psychometric properties was created by using items of functional ability and intrinsic capacity in a subset of six low-and-middle income countries. Further research is needed to explore sub-population differences and to validate this index to other cultural settings.

scholarly journals PROTOCOL: Impact of social protection on gender equality in low‐ and middle‐income countries: A systematic review of reviews

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila Perera ◽  
Shivit Bakrania ◽  
Alessandra Ipince ◽  
Zahrah Nesbitt‐Ahmed ◽  
Oluwaseun Obasola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Review Of Reviews ◽  
Low And Middle Income

scholarly journals Fiscal Decentralization and Gender Equality in Developing Economies: Dynamics of Income Groups in Economies and Corruption

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 745-761
Author(s):  
Sidra Naeem ◽  
Rana Ejaz Ali Khan
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Fiscal Decentralization ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

A large number of studies on fiscal decentralization have supported the claim that decentralized governments have a greater capacity to approach local preferences and have greater potential for public service delivery, which demonstrates a favorable status of socioeconomic indicators. However, there is no empirical evidence on fiscal decentralization and gender equality. This study empirically examines the effect of fiscal decentralization on gender equality in 29 developing economies from 2006 to 2020 by employing the dynamic panel system generalized method of moments (GMM). The study uses three measures of fiscal decentralization—expenditure, revenue, and composite decentralization—to learn the dynamics of income groups in developing economies, and corruption from the perspective of fiscal decentralization and gender equality. The results demonstrate that fiscal decentralization improves gender equality in the sample of developing economies as well as in the sub-sample of developing economies, i.e., lower-middle income countries and upper-middle income countries subject to the control of corruption, otherwise fiscal decentralization may devastate gender equality in developing economies and upper-middle income economies. Corruption plays a dynamic role in the relationship between fiscal decentralization and gender equality. The desired results of fiscal decentralization may be attained through policy reforms to control corruption. The dynamics of income groups in the sampled economies also have implications for the relationship between fiscal decentralization and gender equality.

scholarly journals A Study of Environmentally Friendly Menstrual Absorbents in the Context of Social Change for Adolescent Girls in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
pp. 9766
Author(s):  
Jasmin Foster ◽  
Paul Montgomery
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
School Attendance ◽  
Absorption Index ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Science And Policy ◽  
Menstrual Hygiene ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Sanitary Products ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Girls in low- and middle-income countries struggle to maintain good menstrual hygiene in part due to a lack of affordable sanitary products. The unaffordability of reliable sanitary products can lead to school absenteeism and is a barrier to education attainment and gender equality for girls in low-income contexts. Further, the lack of adequate disposal facilities can lead to social embarrassment and environmental pollution. Low-cost biodegradable absorbents (cotton terry cloth, linen, hemp cloth and bamboo wadding) were investigated in gelatine solution in terms of their absorption for use in menstrual hygiene. Bamboo wadding exhibits the highest absorption index (7.86), greater than cotton terry cloth (0.84), hemp cloth (1.4), linen (1.57) and a commercial sanitary pad (4.38). Though the absorption index of bamboo wadding is promising, especially in light of the vast availability of bamboo in tropical low- and middle-income countries, challenges lie in overcoming complex extraction processes from bamboo plants, which is discussed. This simple research of a physical material from a technical aspect, if further investigated with a social science and policy lens, could increase school attendance, improve the education levels attained by girls and be a key step towards gender equality in low- and middle-income countries.

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