Cholera outbreak in a coastal province, Southern Luzon, Philippines, May–August, 2016

ObjectivesTo evaluate the quality and coverage of the campaign to distribute oral cholera vaccine (OCV) during a cholera outbreak in Hoima, Uganda to guide future campaigns of cholera vaccine.DesignSurvey of communities targeted for vaccination to determine vaccine coverage rates and perceptions of the vaccination campaign, and a separate survey of vaccine staff who carried out the campaign.SettingHoima district, Uganda.ParticipantsRepresentative clusters of households residing in the communities targeted for vaccination and staff members who conducted the vaccine campaign.ResultsAmong 209 households (1274 individuals) included in the coverage survey, 1193 (94%; 95% CI 92% to 95%) reported receiving at least one OCV dose and 998 (78%; 95% CI 76% to 81%) reported receiving two doses. Among vaccinated individuals, minor complaints were reported by 71 persons (5.6%). Individuals with ‘some’ education (primary school or above) were more knowledgeable regarding the required OCV doses compared with non-educated (p=0.03). Factors negatively associated with campaign implementation included community sensitisation time, staff payment and problems with field transport. Although the campaign was carried out quickly, the outbreak was over before the campaign started. Most staff involved in the campaign (93%) were knowledgeable about cholera control; however, 29% did not clearly understand how to detect and manage adverse events following immunisation.ConclusionThe campaign achieved high OCV coverage, but the surveys provided insights for improvement. To achieve high vaccine coverage, more effort is needed for community sensitisation, and additional resources for staff transportation and timely payment for campaign staff is required. Pretest and post-test assessment of staff training can identify and address knowledge and skill gaps.

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A cholera outbreak among semi-nomadic pastoralists in northeastern Uganda: epidemiology and interventions

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268811001956 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 140 (8) ◽

pp. 1376-1385 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

M. J. CUMMINGS ◽

J. F. WAMALA ◽

M. EYURA ◽

M. MALIMBO ◽

M. E. OMEKE ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Female Gender ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Cholera Outbreak ◽

Community Based ◽

Nomadic Pastoralists ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

Water And Sanitation Infrastructure ◽

Sanitation Infrastructure ◽

Village Health Teams

SUMMARYIn sub-Saharan Africa, many nomadic pastoralists have begun to settle in permanent communities as a result of long-term water, food, and civil insecurity. Little is known about the epidemiology of cholera in these emerging semi-nomadic populations. We report the results of a case-control study conducted during a cholera outbreak among semi-nomadic pastoralists in the Karamoja sub-region of northeastern Uganda in 2010. Data from 99 cases and 99 controls were analysed. In multivariate analyses, risk factors identified were: residing in the same household as another cholera case [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 6·67, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2·83–15·70], eating roadside food (aOR 2·91, 95% CI 1·24–6·81), not disposing of children's faeces in a latrine (aOR 15·76, 95% CI 1·54–161·25), not treating drinking water with chlorine (aOR 3·86, 95% CI 1·63–9·14), female gender (aOR 2·43, 95% CI 1·09–5·43), and childhood age (10–17 years) (aOR 7·14, 95% CI 1·97–25·83). This is the first epidemiological study of cholera reported from a setting of semi-nomadic pastoralism in sub-Saharan Africa. Public health interventions among semi-nomadic pastoralists should include a two-faceted approach to cholera prevention: intensive health education programmes to address behaviours inherited from insecure nomadic lifestyles, as well as improvements in water and sanitation infrastructure. The utilization of community-based village health teams provides an important method of implementing such activities.

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Fujian: A Coastal Province in Transition and Transformation. Edited by Y. M. Yeung and David K. Y. Chu. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 2000. xvi, 536 pp. $52.00 (cloth).

The Journal of Asian Studies ◽

10.2307/3096380 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 61 (3) ◽

pp. 1044-1045

Author(s):

Eduard B. Vermeer

Keyword(s):

Hong Kong ◽

Hong Kong Chinese ◽

Chinese University ◽

Coastal Province

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The evolution of the pathogen and the clinical and epidemiological features of the recent cholera (el tor)

Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases (Russian Journal) ◽

10.17816/eid40707 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 17 (5) ◽

pp. 31-35

Author(s):

V. N. Savelyev ◽

I. V. Savelyeva ◽

B. V. Babenyshev ◽

A. N. Kulichenko

Keyword(s):

Genetic Structure ◽

Vibrio Cholerae ◽

Causative Agent ◽

Genetically Modified ◽

Causative Factor ◽

Prevention Measures ◽

Cholera Outbreak ◽

The Caucasus ◽

Epidemiological Features ◽

El Tor

In a comparative perspective studied cholera outbreak in the Caucasus due to typical toxigenic and genetically modified (hybrid) El Tor variant strains have been studied. Revealed features of the genetic structure of the genome, factors and ways of transmission of the causative agent of modern cholera El tor should be considered when improving the program of epidemiological supervision in terms of enhancing antiepidemic and prevention measures in cholera, the causative factor of which are of hybrid variants of Vibrio cholerae El tor.

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Genomic and Phenotypic Characterization of Vibrio cholerae Non-O1 Isolates from a US Gulf Coast Cholera Outbreak

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0086264 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. e86264 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Bradd J. Haley ◽

Seon Young Choi ◽

Christopher J. Grim ◽

Tiffiani J. Onifade ◽

Hediye N. Cinar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vibrio Cholerae ◽

Gulf Coast ◽

Phenotypic Characterization ◽

Cholera Outbreak

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Theorizing or Negotiating the Law?: A Response to Devika Hovell

AJIL Unbound ◽

10.1017/s2398772300002300 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 110 ◽

pp. 3-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Antonios Tzanakopoulos

Keyword(s):

United Nations ◽

International Organizations ◽

Public Interest ◽

Due Process ◽

Regional Level ◽

Cholera Outbreak ◽

A Value ◽

Un Security Council ◽

State Practice ◽

The United Nations

Devika Hovell’s article is a very welcome and useful contribution to the debate regarding the “accountability” (whatever the term may mean) of international organizations, and the United Nations in particular. The author argues that scholarship has tended to focus on (descriptive) state practice to the detriment of (normative) theoretical appeal, and so the relevant discussion “has received inadequate theoretical attention.” In response, she sets out to tell the story of the United Nations being held to account through a highly theorized (and, if I may venture even at the outset, perhaps a bit stylized) scheme of contrasting “instrumentalist,” “dignitarian,” and “public interest” approaches to due process. This she applies to two case studies, one regarding targeted sanctions imposed by the UN Security Council, mainly in the context of antiterrorism; and one regarding the cholera outbreak in Haiti, where the United Nations has been implicated. Hovell critiques both the instrumentalist and dignitarian approaches, which correspond in broad terms to legal action at the international, and the domestic/regional level, respectively, and argues in favor of a “public interest” approach as better reflecting a “value-based” due process.

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