One major pathophysiological characteristic of cardiovascular disease, including hypertension, is vascular dysfunction. Recently, we demonstrated that mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns are elevated in the circulation of SHR. Mitochondria carry hallmarks of their bacterial ancestry and one of these hallmarks is that this organelle still uses an N-formyl-methionyl-tRNA as an initiator of protein synthesis. We observed that mitochondrial N-formyl peptides (F-MIT) infusion into rats induces inflammation and vascular dysfunction, including vascular leakage, via formyl peptide receptor (FPR) activation. However, neutrophil depletion did not change this response. Therefore, we hypothesize that F-MIT via FPR activation elicits changes directly to cytoskeleton-regulating proteins in vascular cells, which may lead to increased vascular permeability. To test this hypothesis we used vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and endothelial cells harvested from aortas of Sprague-Dawley rats (n=5) and human donors (n=5), respectively. Cells were divided into three groups for Western blot analysis of cytoskeleton-regulating proteins. The cells were incubated for 20 minutes in medium with either vehicle (non-formylated peptide), F-MIT (10 μM), or F-MIT after a 5-minute pre-incubation with FPR1 and 2 antagonists (Cyclosporine H, CsH, 1 μM and WRW4, 10 μM). In endothelial cells, the treatment with F-MIT increased the protein expression of RhoA/ROCK (Rho: 1.8 fold vs. Veh; ROCK: 1.4 fold vs. Veh, p<0.05), cell division control protein 42 (CDC42) (2.0 fold vs. Veh, p<0.05) and phospho-myosin light chain (MLC)
Thr/Ser19
(1.5 fold vs. Veh, p<0.05). These changes were all abolished in the presence of FPR antagonists. On the other hand, F-MIT decreased expression of phospho-MLC (0.6 fold vs. Veh, p<0.05) and CDC42 (0.5 fold vs. Veh, p<0.05) and did not change RhoA/ROCK expression in VSMC. In conclusion, F-MIT, via FPR activation, elicits direct changes in endothelial cell and VSMC cytoskeleton-regulating proteins. This interaction can lead to endothelial contraction, increased vascular leakage and attenuated barrier function as observed in clinical and experimental hypertension.
Ll-37, the Neutrophil Granule–And Epithelial Cell–Derived Cathelicidin, Utilizes Formyl Peptide Receptor–Like 1 (Fprl1) as a Receptor to Chemoattract Human Peripheral Blood Neutrophils, Monocytes, and T Cells
