TCT-749 The Impact of Race and Gender on Procedural Outcomes After Alcohol Septal Ablation for Symptomatic Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy

Abstract Critics of digitally mediated labour platforms (often called the “sharing” or “gig economy”) have focused on the character and extent of the control exerted by these platforms over both workers and customers, and in particular on the precarizing impact on the workers on whose labor the services depend. Less attention has been paid to the specifically spatial character of the forms of work targeted by mobile digital platforms. The production and maintenance of urban social space has always been dependent, to a large degree, on work that involves the crossing of spatial boundaries - particularly between public and private spaces, but also crossing spaces segregated by class, race, and gender. Delivery workers, cabdrivers, day labourers, home care providers, and similar boundary-crossers all perform spatial work: the work of moving between and connecting spaces physically, experientially, and through representation. Spatial work contributes to the production and reproduction of social space; it is also productive of three specific, though interrelated, products: physical movement from one place to another; the experience of this movement; and the articulation of these places, experiences, and movements with visions of society and of the social. Significantly, it is precisely such spatial work, and its products, which mobile digital platforms seek most urgently to transform. Drawing on several recent studies of “ridesharing” (or soft cab) labour platforms, I interrogate the impact of digital mediation on the actual practices involved in spatial work. I argue that the roll-out of digital labour platforms needs to be understood in terms of a struggle over the production of social space.

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Progress Toward Increasing Women’s and Minorities’ Access to Top State Government Jobs?

Public Personnel Management ◽

10.1177/00910260211056569 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 009102602110565

Author(s):

Greg Lewis ◽

Jonathan Boyd ◽

Rahul Pathak

Keyword(s):

Private Sector ◽

State Government ◽

White Women ◽

White Men ◽

Good News ◽

State Governments ◽

Race And Gender ◽

Veteran Status ◽

And Gender ◽

The Impact

This study examines the impact of qualifications and hiring advantages on women’s and minorities’ access to state government jobs, both in managerial and high-salary positions and overall. It also looks at how race and gender differences in representation have changed since 1990 and how they compare with the private sector. All groups, except Latino and Asian men, are more likely than White men to work for state governments, and all groups are more likely to do so than comparable White men. White men remain more likely to be managers and to earn top-decile salaries than comparable White women and people of color. Differences in education, experience, veteran status, and citizenship contribute, in different ways, to each group’s underrepresentation at top levels, but sizable unexplained gaps remain. The good news is that access to top jobs is better in state governments than in the private sector and has improved since 1990.

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37. Sentencing

The Oxford Handbook of Criminology ◽

10.1093/he/9780198719441.003.0038 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Andrew Ashworth ◽

Julian V. Roberts

Keyword(s):

Media Coverage ◽

Sentencing Guidelines ◽

Race And Gender ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Political Criticism ◽

Key Issues ◽

And Gender ◽

The Uk ◽

The Impact

Sentencing represents the apex of the criminal process and is the most public stage of the criminal justice system. Controversial sentences attract widespread media coverage, intense public interest, and much public and political criticism. This chapter explores sentencing in the United Kingdom, and draws some conclusions with relevance to other common law jurisdictions. Sentencing has changed greatly in recent years, notably through the introduction of sentencing guidelines in England and Wales, and more recently, Scotland. However, there are still doubts about the fairness and consistency of sentencing practice, not least in the use of imprisonment. Among the key issues to be examined in this chapter are the tendency towards net-widening, the effects of race and gender, the impact of pleading guilty, the use of indeterminate sentences, the rise of mandatory sentences, and the role of the victim in the sentencing process. The chapter begins by outlining the methods by which cases come before the courts for sentencing. It then summarizes the specific sentences available to courts and examines current sentencing patterns, before turning to a more detailed exploration of sentencing guidelines, and of the key issues identified above. The chapter addresses two critical questions: What is sentencing (namely who exerts the power to punish)? Does sentencing in the UK measure up to appropriate standards of fairness and consistency?

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American Labor Unions in the Electoral Arena By Herbert B. Asher, Eric S. Heberlig, Randall B. Ripley, and Karen Snyder. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001. 207p. $69.00 cloth, $19.95 paper.

American Political Science Review ◽

10.1017/s0003055402430365 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 96 (3) ◽

pp. 630-630

Author(s):

Glenn Perusek

Keyword(s):

The United States ◽

Organized Labor ◽

Social Scientists ◽

Race And Gender ◽

Union Movement ◽

The Social ◽

And Gender ◽

The 1960S ◽

The Impact ◽

American Labor

For more than a generation, as the authors rightly point out, the impact of organized labor on electoral politics has been neglected in scholarly literature. Indeed, only a tiny minority of social scientists explicitly focuses on organized labor in the United States. Although the impact of the social movements of the 1960s appeared to heighten awareness of the importance of class, race, and gender, class and its organized expression, the union movement, has received less attention, while studies of race and gender have flourished.

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Legal Issues in Intergroup Relations

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication ◽

10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.438 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Charles W. Choi

Keyword(s):

Social Identity ◽

Police Officers ◽

Group Membership ◽

Intergroup Bias ◽

Communication Accommodation ◽

Race And Gender ◽

Legal Context ◽

And Gender ◽

Jury Decisions ◽

The Impact

An intergroup perspective in the legal context highlights the influence of group membership on the interaction between authorities and citizens. Social identity influences communication both in the field (e.g., police–civilian) and in the courtroom (e.g., juror deliberation). The research in the law enforcement context addresses trust in police officers, the communication accommodation between police and civilians, sociodemographic stereotypes impacting police–civilian encounters, the role of police media portrayals, and its influence on intergroup exchanges between police and civilians. Juries are inextricably influenced by group membership cues (e.g., race and gender), and differentiate those in the ingroup over the outgroup. The impact of stereotypes and intergroup bias is evident in the literature on jury decisions and the severity of punitive sentencing. These and other factors make the intergroup nature of the legal context significant, and they determine the interconnection between the parties involved. Specifically, the social identity approach brings focus to the biases, attributions, and overall evaluations of the perceived outgroup. The research indicates that diversity is necessary to alleviate the intergroup mindset, thereby encouraging a more interindividual viewpoint of those outgroup members.

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The Relationship between Anemia and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in Older Nursing Facility (NF) Residents.

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v108.11.5507.5507 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 108 (11) ◽

pp. 5507-5507

Author(s):

Andrew Artz ◽

Bruce Robinson ◽

Bruce Culleton ◽

Cathy Critchlow ◽

Angela Sciarra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Kidney Function ◽

Nursing Facility ◽

Who Criteria ◽

Race And Gender ◽

Mdrd Equation ◽

Stage Disease ◽

Independent Association ◽

And Gender ◽

End Stage ◽

The Impact

Abstract Anemia is a common condition among older NF residents that often has unidentified causes. CKD is common in older adults and frequently contributes to anemia. However, the association between declining kidney function and the prevalence and severity of anemia in NF residents has not been well characterized. We retrospectively analyzed the independent association of CKD and anemia among older residents in 372 NFs across the US. Any resident who was admitted to a NF between 01 Jan 2002 and 31 Dec 2003, was still active as of 31 Jan 2004, was ≥ 65 years of age, and had more than one serum creatinine (SCr) measurement and more than one hemoglobin (Hb) documented during the admittance period, was considered. Residents who had end-stage disease, were comatose, or were receiving dialysis were excluded. CKD was conservatively defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (MDRD equation). Anemia was defined using the WHO criteria for anemia (< 13 g/dL for men and < 12 g/dL for women). Regression analysis was used to determine the association between kidney function and Hb levels after adjusting for age, race, and gender. Of the 10315 residents identified, 6200 were eligible for this study: 85% (5291/6200) were white, 70% (4354/6200) were female, and the mean ± SD age was 83.1 ± 7.9 years. Anemia was found in 59.6% (3697/6200) residents as defined by the WHO criteria and CKD was present in 43.1% (2671/6200) residents. The odds of having anemia was 1.47 times greater (95% CI: 1.33, 1.63) for residents with CKD than those without CKD. The severity of anemia also increased with the presence and severity of CKD. The odds ratio increased to 1.65 (95% CI: 1.49, 1.84) after adjusting for age, race, and gender. Of those with CKD, 36.4% (972/2671) had a Hb < 11 g/dL, however, only 5.1% (50/972) and 25.4% (247/972) received erythropoiesis-stimulating protein (ESP) and iron therapies, respectively. Our data suggest CKD contributes to the high prevalence of anemia in older NF residents. These results reinforce the importance of evaluating kidney function and Hb level in older NF residents. Future studies evaluating the impact of anemia and benefits of anemia therapy are warranted in this setting.

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The impact of economic analysis of law on legal thinking

Russian Journal of Legal Studies ◽

10.17816/rjls19005 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 109-114

Author(s):

Ekaterina A. Koroleva

Keyword(s):

Economic Analysis ◽

Rational Choice ◽

Point Of View ◽

Economic Regulation ◽

Economic Analysis Of Law ◽

Race And Gender ◽

The Law ◽

And Gender ◽

The Right ◽

The Impact

The article deals with the main provisions of Richard Posners book How judges think, which is, according to the authors own assessment, an attempt by an American scientist to understand the motives that guide judges in making judgments. The emphasis Posner puts on psychology leads to the fact that the book gives the right to talk about how judges think, not about judicial behavior: considering traits, temperament, race and gender, as well as personal and professional experience. From all the above Richard Posner concludes that judges are guided by the rationality of actions and decisions. Therefore, special attention in this article is paid to the concept of rationality from the point of view of Posner himself, as well as the assessment of this concept from the point of view of Russian scientists V.L. Tambovtsev and L.V. Smorgunov, since this concept of rational choice reveals the essence of economic analysis of law. Special attention should be paid to the argument that according to Richard Posner, rational choice does not have to be without error in the conditions of lack of information or the complexity of its collection and analysis. The arguments of Henry Beckett, as one of the founders of the economic analysis of law, on rationality in the Commission of an offense are given. Also, the article considers the facts that allow to state that at present the economic analysis of the law has gone far beyond the initial attention to Antimonopoly regulation, taxation, regulation of public utilities, corporate Finance and other usual areas of economic regulation, the range of issues that can be resolved through economic analysis of the law is much wider and more diverse. According to the results of races-judgements and the estimation of economic analysis of law and the category of rationality in the legal field.

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Deaths, Disparities, and Cumulative (Dis)Advantage: How Social Inequities Produce an Impairment Paradox in Later Life

The Journals of Gerontology Series A ◽

10.1093/gerona/glab181 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Heide Jackson ◽

Michal Engelman

Keyword(s):

Black Women ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Functional Limitations ◽

Later Life ◽

Functional Health ◽

Race And Gender ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

And Gender ◽

Gender Groups ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background Research on health across the life course consistently documents widening racial and socioeconomic disparities from childhood through adulthood, followed by stabilization or convergence in later life. This pattern appears to contradict expectations set by cumulative (dis)advantage (CAD) theory. Informed by the punctuated equilibrium perspective, we examine the relationship between midlife health and subsequent health change and mortality and consider the impact of earlier socioeconomic exposures on observed disparities. Methods Using the Health and Retirement Study, we characterize the functional impairment histories of a nationally-representative sample of 8,464 older adults between 1994-2016. We employ non-parametric and discrete outcome multinomial logistic regression to examine the competing risks of mortality, health change, and attrition. Results Exposures to disadvantages are associated with poorer functional health in midlife and mortality. However, a higher number of functional limitations in midlife is negatively associated with the accumulation of subsequent limitations for white men and women and for Black women. The impact of educational attainment, occupation, wealth, and marriage on later life health differs across race and gender groups. Conclusions Observed stability or convergence in later-life functional health disparities is not a departure from the dynamics posited by CAD, but rather a result of the differential impact of racial and socioeconomic inequities on mortality and health at older ages. Higher exposure to disadvantages and a lower protective impact of advantageous exposures lead to higher mortality among Black Americans, a pattern which masks persistent health inequities later in life.

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Child’s Developmental Disabilities and Parental Health in Later Life: Do Parental Race and Gender Matter?

Innovation in Aging ◽

10.1093/geroni/igab046.1211 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 312-313

Author(s):

Juha Lee ◽

Manjing Gao ◽

Chioun Lee

Keyword(s):

Black Women ◽

Developmental Disabilities ◽

Adverse Effects ◽

Early Life ◽

The United States ◽

Parental Health ◽

Race And Gender ◽

And Gender ◽

Gender Groups ◽

The Impact

Abstract Parents, particularly mothers, who experienced early life adversities (ELAs) are more likely to have a child with developmental disabilities (DD). We have little knowledge about how parental health varies across race-gender groups among those with a DD child and the role of ELAs in the associations. Using Black and White adults (n = 8,778; 25% Blacks) from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study, we examine racial disparities in the impact of having a child with DD (vs. having healthy children) on parental health outcomes. This study questions (1) the extent to which parents’ ELAs (e.g., poverty and abuse) are associated with having a child with DD and (2) how considering early-life factors reveals racial and gender disparities in the impact of having a child with DD. We found that as the number of ELAs increases, the probability of having a healthy child decreases for all race-gender groups, but most dramatically for Black women. Having a DD has adverse effects on chronic illnesses and functional limitations more for mothers than fathers. Black women are most adversely affected, with no effect on Black men. There is no gender difference in the impact of having a DD child on depressive symptoms, yet White parents are more vulnerable than Black parents. After controlling for ELAs, the adverse effects of having a DD child on both physical and mental health remain significant. Future research should identify life-course circumstances that reveal why the impact of having a DD child varies by race and gender.

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Policing Belonging

10.1093/oso/9780198814887.003.0008 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Alpa Parmar

Keyword(s):

Migration Policy ◽

Economic Resources ◽

Police Custody ◽

Race And Gender ◽

Minority Ethnic Groups ◽

The Everyday ◽

And Gender ◽

The Uk ◽

The Impact ◽

Minority Ethnic

This chapter considers the impact of the police’s increased involvement in migration control. How (and with what consequences) do criminalization, migration, race, and gender intersect when the police are asked to respond to migration and fears about migrants? Drawing on empirical research on police custody suites, the piece discusses how the policing of migration questions the presence of minority ethnic groups in the UK, the wider implications for those who cannot belong, and how procedures are racialized. It also highlights the widening reach of the police, whose work is increasingly carried out in conjunction with other actors including those who have been enlisted to surveil, report, and help enforce migration policy. The chapter brings to light the everyday forms of racism renewed through the policing of migrants while exploring how those who are deemed risky, not belonging, criminal, or a threat to social and economic resources are racialized.

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