Identifying the occurrence of lightning and transient luminous events by nadir spectrophotometric observation

2016 ◽  
Vol 145 ◽  
pp. 85-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toru Adachi ◽  
Mitsuteru Sato ◽  
Tomoo Ushio ◽  
Atsushi Yamazaki ◽  
Makoto Suzuki ◽  
...  
Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 718
Author(s):  
Cong Pan ◽  
Jing Yang ◽  
Kun Liu ◽  
Yu Wang

Sprites are transient luminous events (TLEs) that occur over thunderstorm clouds that represent the direct coupling relationship between the troposphere and the upper atmosphere. We report the evolution of a mesoscale convective system (MCS) that produced only one sprite event, and the characteristics of this thunderstorm and the related lightning activity are analyzed in detail. The results show that the parent flash of the sprite was positive cloud-to-ground lightning (+CG) with a single return stroke, which was located in the trailing stratiform region of the MCS with a radar reflectivity of 25 to 35 dBZ. The absolute value of the negative CG (−CG) peak current for half an hour before and after the occurrence of the sprite was less than 50 kA, which was not enough to produce the sprite. Sprites tend to be produced early in the maturity-to-dissipation stage of the MCS, with an increasing percentage of +CG to total CG (POP), indicating that the sprite production was the attenuation of the thunderstorm and the area of the stratiform region.


2021 ◽  
pp. 23-45
Author(s):  
М.И. Панасюк

Транзиентными, то есть быстропреходящими, энергичными явлениями в контексте данной статьи называются земные гамма-всплески (Terrestrial Gamma Flashes – TGF), некоторые типы так называемых «транзиентных световых явлений» (Transient Luminous Events – TLE), «быстрые грозовые земные возрастания» (Fast Thunderstorm Ground Enhancements – FTGE). Они появляются как в нижних слоях атмосферы, так и верхней ее области, вплоть до мезосферных (около десятков км) высот в виде кратковременных потоков электронов, позитронов, гамма-квантов и нейтронов, а также всплесков оптического излучения от ультрафиолетового до инфракрасного. Одна из вероятных моделей их объяснения использует как ключевой элемент генерацию лавин субрелятивистских и релятивистских электронов, природа которой может быть связана с быстрыми изменениями атмосферных электрических полей во время проявлений грозовых эффектов (это так называемая модель «снизу-вверх»). Но можно предположить, что электроны меньших энергий могут высыпаться из радиационных поясов Земли в атмосферу (эта модель, соответственно, называется «сверху-вниз»). Именно лавины электронов, проникающие в атмосферу снизу, вкупе с пучками электронов сверху, могут быть ответственны за весь комплекс явлений со значительным выделением энергии и в нижней, и в верхней атмосфере. Не исключено, что все рассматриваемые транзиентные энергичные явления развиваются на примерно одинаковой временной шкале. Предполагается, что аналогичным механизмом можно объяснить и появление потоков транзиентных лавин гамма-квантов в области под грозовыми облаками (феномен FTGE). Ниже излагаем экспериментальные аргументы, подтверждающие предложенные модели, и обсуждаем ряд нерешенных проблем и направления дальнейших целевых экспериментальных исследований в этой области физики экстремальной атмосферы.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Kaspar ◽  
Ivana Kolmasova ◽  
Ondrej Santolik ◽  
Martin Popek ◽  
Pavel Spurny ◽  
...  

<p><span>Sprites and halos are transient luminous events occurring above thunderclouds. They can be observed simultaneously or they can also appear individually. Circumstances leading to initiation of these events are still not completely understood. In order to clarify the role of lightning channels of causative lightning return strokes and the corresponding thundercloud charge structure, we have developed a new model of electric field amplitudes at halo/sprite altitudes. It consists of electrostatic and inductive components of the electromagnetic field generated by the lightning channel in free space at a height of 15 km. Above this altitude we solve Maxwell’s equations self-consistently including the nonlinear effects of heating and ionization/attachment of the electrons. At the same time, we investigate the role of a development of the thundercloud charge structure and related induced charges above the thundercloud. We show how these charges lead to the different distributions of the electric field at the initiation heights of the halos and sprites. We adjust free parameters of the model using observations of halos and sprites at the Nydek TLE observatory and using measurements of luminosity curves of the corresponding return strokes measured by an array of fast photometers. The latter measurements are also used to set the boundary conditions of the model.</span></p>


2019 ◽  
Vol 210 ◽  
pp. 05007
Author(s):  
Kevin-Druis Merenda ◽  

The research horizons of the Pierre Auger Cosmic-Ray Observatory widened when the collaboration found exotic (atmospheric) phenomena in both its Fluorescence Detector (FD) and Surface Detector (SD). The Cosmology and Geophysics task force of the Auger Collaboration focused some of its attention on these highly energetic events, which are correlated to some of the most intense convective thunderstorm systems in the world. In this proceeding, we compare the signal of these exotic events and the signal of cosmic rays, as seen in the FD and the SD. The FD has triggered on numerous transient luminous events, dubbed “elves" since their first observation in 2005. The SD observed peculiar events with radially expanding footprints, which are correlated with lightning strikes reconstructed by the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN). The traced signals of both of these atmospheric events last longer in time than cosmic ray signals. The footprints are much larger; typically more SD stations (or more FD pixels) contribute to the observations.


2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 2738-2742
Author(s):  
Jianqi Qin ◽  
Victor P. Pasko ◽  
Sebastien Celestin ◽  
Steven A. Cummer ◽  
Matthew G. McHarg ◽  
...  

2019 ◽  
Vol 197 ◽  
pp. 03004 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Mussa

In the last six years, the Fluorescence Detector (FD) of the Auger Observatory has been exploited for the study of transient luminous events occuring high above thunderstorms at large distances (250 to more than 1000 km) from the Observatory. The first ELVES candidate was discovered during a night shift in 2005, and further studies based on auxiliary subtriggers allowed to modify the third level trigger of the observatory in order to acquire them with reasonable efficiency. This report aims to briefly review the studies underway on the >4000 ELVES triggers harvested in the years 2013-18 by the Observatory.


2020 ◽  
Vol 125 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohini S. Giles ◽  
Thomas K. Greathouse ◽  
Bertrand Bonfond ◽  
G. Randall Gladstone ◽  
Joshua A. Kammer ◽  
...  

2003 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 561-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.R Hsu ◽  
H.T Su ◽  
Alfred B. Chen ◽  
L.C Lee ◽  
M Asfur ◽  
...  

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