Exploring the relationship between implicit and explicit gender-STEM bias and behavior among STEM students using the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure

This experimental study explored the use of the implicit relational assessment procedure (IRAP) for understanding the vertical spatial metaphor of power. In the classic IRAP procedure, we formed four sets of stimuli based on the relationship between power words (powerful and powerless words) and vertical position on a computer screen (upper or lower) that were either pro-metaphor (i.e., powerful–high, powerless–low) or anti-metaphor (i.e., powerful–low, powerless–high). Participants were then asked to judge whether the words were consistent or inconsistent with the set of instructions given to them. We found that the DIRAP scores of powerful words in an above vertical space and powerless words in a below vertical space were higher than zero. Furthermore, the DIRAP scores of the pro-metaphor stimuli were significantly greater than were those of the anti-metaphor stimuli. Vertical spatial position metaphor of power concepts was verified again by implicit relational assessment procedure. These findings suggest that there is an established spatial metaphor for power, which we explain using relational frame theory. It is the first study to our knowledge to explore this metaphor using the IRAP, which overcomes the limitations of paradigms such as the implicit association test, and provides a better understanding of the mechanism of the metaphor.

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An Investigation into the Relationship between the Gender Binary and Occupational Discrimination Using the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure

The Psychological Record ◽

10.1007/s40732-016-0212-1 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 67 (1) ◽

pp. 121-130 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Aoife Cartwright ◽

Ian Hussey ◽

Bryan Roche ◽

Jenny Dunne ◽

Carol Muphy

Keyword(s):

Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure ◽

Assessment Procedure ◽

Gender Binary ◽

The Relationship

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Affective Determinants of Health Behavior

10.1093/oso/9780190499037.003.0021 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ryan E. Rhodes ◽

David M. Williams ◽

Mark T. Conner

Keyword(s):

Health Behavior ◽

Social Processes ◽

Outcome Expectancies ◽

Affective Attitudes ◽

Affective Outcome ◽

Starting Point ◽

Implicit And Explicit ◽

And Behavior ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

This chapter summarizes common themes and some ongoing controversies addressed in this volume. Common themes include the growing agreement regarding distinctions between affect proper and cognition about affect, between incidental and integral affect, between implicit and explicit affective attitudes, and between instrumental and affective outcome expectancies/attitudes. The need for a common taxonomy of affect constructs is clear, and this chapter provides preliminary distinctions as a starting point for further refinement. It overviews aspects that require more in-depth theorizing such as behavior-specificity in affect–behavior relationships, and the relationship among affect, social processes, and behavior. Finally, it highlights how the impact of affective determinants on health behavior may be intervened on via three separate routes (independent, direct, moderated), using examples across various chapters within the volume.

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A Systematic Review of the Use of the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) to Assess Implicit Biases Held by Professionals Toward Client Populations

Research on Social Work Practice ◽

10.1177/10497315211009597 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 104973152110095

Author(s):

Michelle Sereno ◽

Jennifer Quigley ◽

Gregory S. Smith

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Reliability And Validity ◽

Well Being ◽

Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure ◽

Assessment Procedure ◽

Inclusion Criteria ◽

Relational Responding ◽

Relative Paucity ◽

Implicit Biases ◽

Implicit And Explicit

Implicit biases held by professionals, functioning outside conscious awareness, can negatively affect client outcomes and professional well-being. Purpose: This systematic review evaluated evidence in the literature of Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) utility for assessing implicit biases held by professionals toward client populations. Method: Included studies were those published 2000 through 2020 using IRAP to measure implicit biases in professionals toward consumers. Results: Eight studies met inclusion criteria, with two meeting borderline requirements. Results support IRAP reliability and validity for identifying implicit biases. Variation presents across studies in reporting and analysis of IRAP effects. Discussion: Convergence and divergence between implicit and explicit measures are discussed in terms of relational responding. Results are limited by the relative paucity of studies meeting inclusion criteria and by inconsistencies in data reporting and analysis. Methods for selecting IRAP stimuli are discussed, with a call for a more function-driven approach. Standardization of IRAP methodology is recommended to facilitate extension.

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