Extraction and purification of IgG by hydrophilic organic solvent salting-out extraction

2016 ◽  
Vol 1012-1013 ◽  
pp. 137-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuesheng Dong ◽  
Bofeng Pang ◽  
Fang Yu ◽  
LingLing Li ◽  
Wencai Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Salting Out ◽  
Extraction And Purification

A Review for the Synthesis of Silk Fibroin Nanoparticles with Different Techniques and Their Ability to be Used for Drug Delivery

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 339-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Gianak ◽  
George Z. Kyzas ◽  
Victoria F. Samanidou ◽  
Eleni A. Deliyanni
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Silk Fibroin ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Salting Out ◽  
Silk Fibroin Nanoparticles

Background: Silk fibroin is the main protein of silk, and it has recently been evaluated for drug delivery applications due to its excellent properties. Specifically, silk fibroin exhibits good biocompatibility, biodegradability and low immunogenicity. Fibroin nanoparticles have attracted attention due to their high binding ability to different drugs as well as their ability for controlled drug release. The improvement of the therapeutic efficiency of drug encapsulation is important and depends on the particle size, the chemical structure and the properties of the silk fibroin nanoparticles. Methods: There is a variety of methods for the preparation of fibroin nanoparticles such as (i) electrospraying and desolvation method, (ii) supercritical fluid technologies, (iii) capillary-microdot technique, (iv) salting out etc. Furthermore, various techniques have been used for the characterization of nanoparticles such as SEM (scanning electron microscopy), TEM (transmission electron microscopy), DLS (dynamic light scattering), Zeta-potential and FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy). Different drugs (paclitaxel, curcumin, 5-fluorouracil etc) have been encapsulated in fibroin nanoparticles. Results: Each separated synthesis method has different advantages such as (i) high yield, (ii) avoid use of toxic solvents, (iii) low cost, (iv) controllable particle size, (v) no organic solvent residue, (vi) simplicity of operation, (vii) small particles size, (viii) homeliness of operation, (ix) restrainable particle size, (x) easy and safe to operate, (xi) no use of organic solvent. Moreover, some major drugs studied are Floxuridine, Fluorouracil, Curcumin, Doxorubicin, Metotrexate, Paclitaxel and Doxorubicin, Horseradish peroxidase. All the above combinations (preparation method-drug) are studied in detail. Conclusion: Various drugs have been encapsulated successfully in silk fibroin and all of them exhibit a significant release rate. Finally, the encapsulation efficiency and release rate depend on the molecular weight of the drugs and it can be adjusted by controlling the crystallinity and concentration of silk fibroin.

CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION TECHNIQUES FOR THE RADIOIMMUNOLOGIC QUANTITATION OF GONADOTROPHINS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ORGANIC SOLVENT DIOXANE

1969 ◽  
Vol 62 (1_Suppl) ◽  
pp. S279-S299 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Thomas ◽  
D. Nash ◽  
J. Ferin
Keyword(s):  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Organic Solvents ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Chemical Precipitation ◽  
Curve Analysis ◽  
Salting Out ◽  
Standard Curve ◽  
Low Protein

ABSTRACT A brief survey of the literature reveals that, for the radioimmunoassay of hormones, separation of free from antibody-bound hormone has been accomplished by increasing salt concentration (salting-out), precipitation with organic solvents (primarily ethanol) or combinations of both. The application of these techniques has been most successful with hormones in a relatively low protein milieu such as urine or buffers (standard curve analysis) but are somewhat limited for use on high protein mixtures such as plasma or serum. A detailed account of a technique involving precipitation of hormoneantibody complexes with the organic solvent dioxane is given. This technique has been most successfully applied to the quantitation of luteinizing hormone (LH) in plasma as well as in urine. A discussion of the problems encountered due to the specificity of the antibody and purity of tracer antigens (hormones), in the radioimmunoassay procedure for luteinizing hormone, is included.

scholarly journals Comparison of Magnesium Sulfate and Sodium Sulfate for Removal of Water from Pesticide Extracts of Foods

2002 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 1177-1180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank J Schenck ◽  
Patrick Callery ◽  
Peter M Gannett ◽  
Jonathan R Daft ◽  
Steven J Lehotay
Keyword(s):  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Magnesium Sulfate ◽  
Sodium Sulfate ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Residual Water ◽  
Salting Out ◽  
Acetone Water ◽  
As Solid Phase

Abstract Water-miscible solvents, such as acetone and acetonitrile, effectively extract both polar and nonpolar pesticide residues from nonfatty foods. The addition of sodium chloride to the resulting acetonitrile–water or acetone–water extract (salting out) results in the separation of the water from the organic solvent. However, the organic solvent layer (pesticide extract) still contains some residual water, which can adversely affect separation procedures that follow, such as solid-phase extraction and/or gas chromatography. Drying agents, such as sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate, are used to remove the water from the organic extracts. In the present study, we used nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to study the composition of the phases resulting from salting out and to compare the effectiveness of sodium sulfate and magnesium sulfate as drying agents. The study showed that considerable amounts of water remained in the organic phase after phase separation. Sodium sulfate was a relatively ineffective drying agent, removing little or no residual water from the organic solvent. Magnesium sulfate proved to be a much more effective drying agent.

scholarly journals Extraction of molybdate and tungstate ions in system without organic solvent

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-158
Author(s):  
М.I. Degtev ◽  
◽  
А.А. Yuminova ◽  
V.P. Kuzalbaeva ◽  
A.D. Kontiev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Maximum Degree ◽  
Sulfosalicylic Acid ◽  
Salting Out ◽  
Degree Of Extraction ◽  
High Degree

Extraction of macro- and microamounts of molybdate ions (MoO42-) and microamounts of tungstate ions (WO42-) in the stratified system antipyrine (AP) - sulfosalicylic acid (SSC) – water is investigated. The effects of acidity and pH on the process of extraction are examined. Under conditions of 0,25 mol/l HNO3 (pH = 1,52) high degree of extraction of molybdate-ions (~94 %) is achieved. Under conditions of 0,5 mol/l HCl (pH = 1,383) degree of extraction of tungstate-ions does not exceed 77%. Effect of inorganic salting out agents (NH4Cl, NaCl, NH4NO3, NaNO3, (NH4)2SO4, Na2SO4) on E(Mo) and E(W) % is given. The maximum degree of extraction of molybdenum (VI) ~ 99.2% is achieved in the presence of Na2SO4 (0,50−0,75 mol/l). The maximum degree of extraction of tungsten (VI) ~ 97% is achieved in the presence of Na2SO4 (0,9 mol/l) or NaCl (2,5 mol/l).

Extraction and Purification of Astaxanthin from Shrimp Shell with Alkaline-Organic-Solvent Method

2011 ◽  
Vol 393-395 ◽  
pp. 1231-1234
Author(s):  
Hong Chao Liu ◽  
Peng Li ◽  
Guang Wang ◽  
He Ping Yu ◽  
Zong Qiang Zeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Extraction Temperature ◽  
Optimum Ratio ◽  
Solvent Method ◽  
Extraction And Purification ◽  
Shrimp Shell ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Extraction Agent ◽  
Optimum Extraction

The Alkaline-organic-solvent Method was employed to extract astaxanthin from shrimp shell in this work. The results demonstrated that the optimum extraction temperature was 20°C, the optimum ratio of extraction agent to sample is 1:3. Centrifugal thin layer chromatography was used to purify the astaxanthin and the optimum developer was petroleum, acetone and methanol (14:5:1). The FT-IR spectra and the HPLC analysis both demonstrated the purified substance was identical with standard astaxanthin and the content of astaxanthin account for 55.4%.

scholarly journals Study on the Preparation of Nanocellulose Powder and Its Formation Mechanism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zirui zhu ◽  
Wenbo Wang ◽  
Xiaohui Wang ◽  
Xin Zhao ◽  
Nannan Xia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Solvent ◽  
Aqueous Suspension ◽  
Drying Methods ◽  
Salting Out ◽  
Colloidal Properties ◽  
Industrial Preparation ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Powder Formation ◽  
Colloidal State

Abstract Nanocellulose is a kind of cellulose based nano material with fantastic properties and numerous potential applications. However, due to the fact that nanocellulose exhibits colloidal properties when its concentration is high, the drying of nanocellulose has always been an urgent problem to be solved. To address this problem, the precipitation and drying mechanism of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC), one of the most common types of nanocellulose, was studied in this paper. The CNC was precipitated from the aqueous suspension by salting out to avoid the CNC colloidal state when concentrated in water. The obtained CNC precipitation with a small amount of water and the actively added electrolyte was dehydrated and purified by solvent displacement with volatile organic. Then CNC powder can be taken shape by drying the mixture of CNC and organic solvent with different drying methods. The mechanism of CNC precipitation from aqueous suspension and CNC powder formation from volatile organic solvent was studied. After comprehensive consideration, a method for preparing re-dispersible CNC powder was established, and the properties of this powder were studied, that provided a solution for the industrial preparation and application of nanocellulose.

The Fractionation Properties of Human Factor VIII (Antihaemophilic Factor)

1960 ◽  
Vol 04 (02) ◽  
pp. 253-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franco Gobbi
Keyword(s):  
Factor Viii ◽  
Human Factor ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Factor Vii ◽  
Precipitation Method ◽  
Salting Out ◽  
Human Factor Viii ◽  
Plasma Factor ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Thromboplastic Activity

SummaryThe fractionation properties of human Factor VIII (antihaemophilic factor, AHF, antihaemophilic globulin) have been studied using a plasma of congenital afibrinogenaemia as a starting material.From a fibrinogen-free plasma, Factor VIII does not precipitate with ethanol at a final concentration of 8%; on the contrary the maximum yield is reached at an ethanol concentration of 25%.With a precipitation method carried out by a one to ten dilution of plasma with distilled water and acidification by N/10 hydrochloric acid to a pFI 5.2, Factor VIII does not precipitate with the euglobulin fraction; when normal plasma is used, such a precipitation is almost complete.With the salting-out fractionation method by ammonium sulphate, Factor VIII precipitates at a concentration between 25 and 33% of saturation either from fibrinogen-free and from normal human plasma.A non-specific thromboplastic activity appears in the fractions prepared by every method. This activity, which is probably due to the activation of seric accelerators, is easily removed by Al(OH)s adsorption. Thus, in order to insure the specificity of Factor VIII assays, the preliminary adsorption of the fractions is indispensable before testing their antihaemophilic activity.Fibrinogen and Factor VIII have different and definite precipitation patterns. When these two factors are associated the fractionation properties of AHF appear quite modified, showing a close similarity to those of fibrinogen. This fact can explain the technical difficulties encountered in the attempt to purify the antihaemophilic factor, and the lack of reproducible procedures for removing fibrinogen without affecting Factor VII.

AN IMPROVED METHOD FOR THE ASSAY OF PROGESTERONE BY COMPETITIVE PROTEIN BINDING

1970 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. D. Reeves ◽  
M. L. A. de Souza ◽  
I. E. Thompson ◽  
E. Diczfalusy
Keyword(s):  
Protein Binding ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Entire Range ◽  
Improved Method ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Extraction And Purification ◽  
Corticosteroid Binding Globulin ◽  
Competitive Protein Binding ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Range Of Values

ABSTRACT An improved method for the assay of plasma progesterone by competitive protein binding is described. The improvement is based upon rigorous control of the variables, the compensation for and standardisation of interfering factors inherent in the method and the use of a human corticosteroid binding globulin, that meets the requirements for sensitivity at levels of 1.0 ng of progesterone and below. The assessment of the reliability of the individual steps in the method as well as that of the complete method is presented. The sensitivity of the method is around 0.2 ng progesterone per ml plasma. Accuracy was measured by adding progesterone in amounts ranging from 0.0 to 1.0 ng to 1.0 ml plasma. There was a linear relationship between the progesterone added and recovered throughout the entire range of values, with a coefficient of correlation (r) of 0.94. Of 52 related steroids tested, none was found which would remain associated with progesterone following extraction and purification and which would also compete with progesterone for binding sites.

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