scholarly journals Short-term CO 2 exposure and temperature rise effects on metazoan meiofauna and free-living nematodes in sandy and muddy sediments: Results from a flume experiment

2018 ◽  
Vol 502 ◽  
pp. 211-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeroen Ingels ◽  
Giovanni dos Santos ◽  
Natalie Hicks ◽  
Yirina Valdes Vazquez ◽  
Patricia Fernandes Neres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Rise ◽  
Flume Experiment ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Metazoan Meiofauna ◽  
Muddy Sediments

Short-term and long-term variability of indices related to nutritional status. I: Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, and Zn.

1989 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
S K Gallagher ◽  
L K Johnson ◽  
D B Milne
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Metabolic Unit ◽  
Biological Component ◽  
Analytical Variation

Abstract Five free-living women (ages 28-38 y) and five women (ages 23-44 y) residing in a metabolic unit and eating a constant diet were assessed for variation in indices related to mineral nutrition. Blood was sampled once a month for five months, once a week for five weeks, and once a day for five days to assess analytical and biological variability. Analytical variability was determined by using concurrently run duplicate control samples prepared from plasma or serum pools. Of the measured indices, serum ferritin varied most, with intra-individual variance of 4.72% to 18.0%. Much of this variance may have been because of changes in iron status or in the analytical technique used. Intra-individual month-to-month variance for other indices ranged from 17% for superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) to 1.5% for calcium. Correction for long-term analytical variation indicated that most of the variance was associated with the biological component. The higher biological variabilities of some indices, including ferritin or superoxide dismutase, need to be considered when nutritional status is being evaluated or when serial observations are made over a protracted period in clinical studies or trials.

scholarly journals Short-term, but not long-term, increased daytime workload leads to decreased night-time energetics in a free-living song bird

2019 ◽  
Vol 222 (14) ◽  
pp. jeb199513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel E. Visser ◽  
Coby van Dooremalen ◽  
Barbara M. Tomotani ◽  
Andrey Bushuev ◽  
Harro A. J. Meijer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Short Term ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Song Bird

Dietary intake adequacy and cognitive function in free-living active elderly: A cross-sectional and short-term prospective study

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sónia Velho ◽  
Pedro Marques-Vidal ◽  
Fátima Baptista ◽  
Maria Ermelinda Camilo
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Prospective Study ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Cross Sectional

Effect of disturbances on trophic groups in soil nematode assemblages

Nematology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 553-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert McSorley
Keyword(s):  
Plant Cover ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Soil Nematode ◽  
Trophic Groups ◽  
Bare Ground ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Free Living Nematode ◽  
A Site

AbstractFree-living nematodes in soil ecosystems are vital in the decomposition of organic matter and recycling of nutrients. The effects of various types of disturbances on nematode assemblages were examined in several experiments on a single soil: a short-term detrimental disturbance from solarisation, a short-term beneficial disturbance from amendment addition, and a long-term detrimental disturbance from bare ground without plant cover. Comparison of solarised and non-solarised field plots revealed lower numbers of fungivores in solarised plots. As a result, indices involving ratios of fungivores to bacterivores and fungivores to total free-living nematodes were decreased as well. Addition of an amendment increased numbers of bacterivores. This change was also reflected in calculated indices that expressed trophic groups as percentages of the total free-living nematodes. A severely disturbed site with bare ground that was without plant cover for more than 5 years was compared with an adjacent site maintained in grass. No plant-parasitic nematodes were recovered from the bare ground site, which contained lower numbers of nematodes in all trophic groups than the grass site. However, the structure of the free-living nematode assemblages in both sites was similar, as indicated by the proportions of various trophic groups and by ratios of fungivores and bacterivores. The free-living nematode assemblage in a site with a perceived severe long-term disturbance maintained a trophic structure similar to a site with perennial plant cover.

scholarly journals “The stressed bird in the hand”: Influence of sampling design on the physiological stress response in a free-living songbird

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolaus Huber ◽  
Katharina Mahr ◽  
Zsófia Tóth ◽  
Endre Z. Szarka ◽  
Yusuf Ulaş Çınar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Sampling Design ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Parus Major ◽  
Blood Sampling ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Coping Capacity ◽  
Handling Stress ◽  
Physiological Stress Response

AbstractDespite the widely used application of standardized capture-handling protocols to collect blood and assess the physiological stress response, the effect of the actual sampling design (e.g. timing and the number of blood samples) often differs between studies, and the potential implications for the measured physiological endpoints remain understudied. We, therefore, experimentally tested the effects of repeated handling and multiple blood sampling on the stress response in wintering free-living great tits (Parus major). We modified a well-established sampling protocol of avian studies by adding either an additional blood sample or a “sham-manipulation” (i.e. handling associated with the blood sampling procedure without venepuncture), to disentangle the effects of handling stress and blood loss. We combined three different stress metrics along the endocrine-immune interface to investigate the acute short-term stress response: total corticosterone levels (CORT), the heterophil/lymphocyte ratio (H:L), and the Leukocyte Coping Capacity (LCC). Our study provided three key results: i) no relationship between CORT-levels, LCC and H:L, confirming that these three parameters represent different physiological endpoints within the stress response; ii) contrasting dynamics in response to stress by the measured parameters and iii) no difference in stress levels 30 minutes after capture due to one additional blood sampling or handling event. By optimising the sampling design, our results provide implications for animal welfare and planning experimental procedures on stress physiology in passerine species.Summary StatementWhen testing the short-term stress response in free living passerines, both – the scientist and the bird may be better off with a 15-minute stress protocol.

Modelling the effectiveness of vaccination in controlling bovine tuberculosis in wild boar

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy G. Anderson ◽  
Christian Gortázar ◽  
Joaquin Vicente ◽  
Michael R. Hutchings ◽  
Piran C. L. White
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Vaccination Strategy ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Western Spain

Context Bovine tuberculosis is a persistent disease of livestock in many parts of the world, especially where wildlife hosts co-exist with livestock. In south-western Spain, despite the widespread implementation of test-and-cull strategies for cattle, the herd prevalence in areas with high wild boar densities remains stable. The control of M. bovis infection in wild boar is likely to be essential for effective disease control in livestock. Methods We developed an individual-based model to evaluate whether vaccinating wild boar piglets with oral bait would be an effective strategy to reduce the prevalence of M. bovis infection in wild boar populations. Specifically, we quantified the proportion of piglets requiring vaccination and the number of years the vaccination programme would need to continue to eradicate bTB from wild boar within 25 years, comparing ‘managed’ populations on hunting estates where supplementary food is provided, with ‘unmanaged’, free-living populations. Successful vaccination was defined as the proportion of piglets that were delivered the vaccine and were effectively protected from infection. Key results Longer-term (25-year) vaccination strategies were more successful than short-term (5-year) strategies at either eradicating M. bovis or reducing it to below 90% of its original prevalence. M. bovis infection could be eradicated under a 25-year vaccination strategy if 80% of piglets were vaccinated in a managed population or 70% of piglets were vaccinated in an unmanaged population. In contrast, 5-year strategies in which 80% of piglets were vaccinated reduced the prevalence of M. bovis only by 27% or 8% in the managed and unmanaged populations, respectively. Conclusions The results of our simulation model, coupled with the promising results of initial vaccine and oral bait-uptake trials in wild boar indicated that vaccination could be an effective strategy to reduce the prevalence of M. bovis infection in wild boar if used in conjunction with other disease-control measures. Implications The vaccination of piglets over a long-term period has the potential to make an important contribution to the eradication of M. bovis infection from wild boar reservoirs in southern Spain.

Experimental forest soil warming: response of autotrophic and heterotrophic soil respiration to a short-term 10°C temperature rise

2007 ◽  
Vol 303 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 323-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Schindlbacher ◽  
Sophie Zechmeister-Boltenstern ◽  
Barbara Kitzler ◽  
Robert Jandl
Keyword(s):  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Forest Soil ◽  
Temperature Rise ◽  
Soil Warming ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Heterotrophic Soil Respiration

Distance effects on short-term recolonization of Sargassum stenophyllum by mobile epifauna, with an analysis of gammarid life habits

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (5) ◽  
pp. 901-910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel O. Tanaka ◽  
Fosca P.P. Leite
Keyword(s):  
Small Scale ◽  
Dominant Group ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Representative Species ◽  
Life Habits ◽  
Colonization Patterns ◽  
Faunal Distribution ◽  
Colonization Rates ◽  
Mobile Epifauna

We evaluated experimentally whether distance between patches of the brown alga Sargassum stenophyllum relative to the source of colonizers influenced colonization patterns by (1) mobile epifauna and (2) gammarid amphipods with distinct life habits. Amphipods were the dominant group, commonly dispersing to patches up to 8 m distant from the algal bed, with low densities of other faunal groups. Assemblage structure of both faunal groups and gammarid amphipods on defaunated algae generally converged to that of controls during the experiments in less than eight days. Gammarid amphipods were dominated by tube-dwellers, but free-living nestlers also colonized the available substrate, and both reached control densities during the study. The same pattern was observed for representative species within each group. Colonization rates were related to faunal densities on the algal bed for most groups, suggesting that mobile organisms disperse more to new habitat patches in high density conditions. Thus, species with direct development can rapidly establish new aggregations at favourable sites, and contribute to small-scale heterogeneity in faunal distribution.

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