Calculation and theoretical substantiation of the indicators of diesel D-243 (4H 11/12,5) when working on mixed mustard-mineral fuel

The use of mustard oil as a biological component to mineral fuel and the preparation of mixed mustard-mineral fuel in the diesel power supply system directly during the operation of the tractor unit, with a slight decrease in diesel power, improves the environmental performance of the tractor, provides fuel economy of petroleum (mineral) origin.

Pedogenic processes and the drying of Mars

New insights from Mars suggest crustal hydration contributed to the long-term drying of the planet. Three to four billion years ago, hydration of the Martian crust could have resulted from precipitation-driven surface weathering of mafic sediments, which on Earth leads to pedogenesis, i.e., the formation of soil. Although soil has been traditionally defined by its biological component, growing evidence of global scale soil formation on a presumably lifeless Mars suggests abiotic pedogenesis was a critical process early in the planet’s history. Using a recently updated definition of soil as leverage, we argue that pedogenic processes could have consumed large amounts of Mars’ exchangeable liquid water. Since there is no evidence of plate tectonics to liberate and recycle water from hydrated pedogenic minerals on Mars, the global formation of soil billions of years ago could have contributed to the irreversible desiccation of the planet.

Pananthropea

The monograph is dedicated to the supercontinent Pananthropea, which was created by the efforts of people, and therefore is named in his honor. It consists of all purely geographical continents, as well as all land areas, representing a single organism that functions exactly as a whole, but at the same time divided by nature itself. The relevance of this approach is shown as follows, as described in the three chapters of the text. First, it demonstrates the physical connectivity of all regions of our planet with each other, which is expressed in a change in the logic of the topology, today planted and controlled by man. Secondly, the presence of this huge and unbroken array is evidenced by the biological component of the world economy, which we have also transformed to suit our needs, thereby redrawing the natural course of affairs in this area and turning it into a global one. Third, the same is true of the cultural domain of our life, which at some point became universal, which again was achieved for the sake of our goals and interests, as a result of which we are all now members of a single interconnected association. It is of interest to both specialists and a wide audience and will be useful for us to understand both ourselves and the reality that we have constructed.

REMOTE SENSING OF TAPE BORES IN THE ALTAI KRAI UNDER ANTHROPOGENIC-TECHNOGENIC IMPACT

The relief and its geological formations are the primary prerequisite for the study of the biological component of the natural environment and rational use of natural resources. The geological and geomorphological conditions of the territory have a very deep and diverse influence on the structure of other components of the landscape. In the south-east of Western Siberia, in the Ob-Irtysh interfluve, there are ribbon forests-narrow, strongly elongated strips of light coniferous forest with a width of 5 to 10 km. The forest-forming breed of hog is scots pine. In the conditions of increasing anthropogenic pressure in the region, the natural environment is deteriorating. The main provisions that are justified in the article are based on the author's long-term research and materials of remote sensing of ribbon bores of the Altai Territory. Real estimates of the state and forecast of changes in the natural environment, including anthropogenic influence, can be obtained only on the basis of strictly scientific data and conclusions about the formation of the landscape of the studied region and the components of the environment. The digital model of the Ecological and Geomorphological map of the belt forests and the annual use of the latest satellite images will allow monitoring the changes in the main contours of the terrain.

Empirical formulation for multiple groups of primary biological ice nucleating particles from field observations over Amazonia

To resolve the various types of biological ice nuclei (IN) with atmospheric models, an extension of the empirical parameterization (EP) (Phillips et al. 2008; 2013) is proposed to predict the active IN from multiple groups of primary biological aerosol particles (PBAPs). Our approach is to utilize coincident observations of PBAP sizes, concentrations, biological composition, and ice-nucleating ability. The parameterization organizes the PBAPs into five basic groups: fungal spores, bacteria, pollen, viral particles, plant/animal detritus, algae, and their respective fragments. This new biological component of the EP was constructed by fitting predicted concentrations of PBAP IN to those observed at the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO) site located in the central Amazon. The fitting parameters for pollen and viral particles, plant/animal detritus, which are much less active as IN than fungal and bacterial groups, are constrained based on their ice nucleation activity from the literature. The parameterization has empirically derived dependencies on the surface area of each group (except algae), and the effects of variability in their mean sizes and number concentrations are represented via their influences on the surface area. The concentration of active algal IN is estimated from literature-based measurements.Predictions of this new biological component of the EP are consistent with previous laboratory and field observations not used in its construction. The EP scheme was implemented in a 0D parcel model. It confirms that biological IN account for most of the total IN activation at temperatures warmer than −20°C and at colder temperatures dust and soot become increasingly more important to ice nucleation.

Nanobiocatalysts for Biodiesel Synthesis through Transesterification—A Review

Converting useless feedstock into biodiesel by utilizing the process of transesterification has been regarded as an alternative approach recently used to address the fuel and energy resources shortage issues. Nanobiocatalysts (NBCs), containing the biological component of lipase enzyme immobilized on nanomaterials (NMs), have also been presented as an advanced catalyst to effectively carry out the process of transesterification with appreciable yields. This study highlights the fundamentals associated with NBCs and the transesterification reaction catalyzed by NBCs for summarizing present academic literature reported in this research domain in recent years. Classification of the NBCs with respect to the nature of NMs and immobilization methods of lipase enzyme is also provided for organizing the recently documented case studies. This review is designed to act as a guideline for the researchers aiming to explore this domain of biodiesel production via NBCs as well as for the scholars looking to expand on this field.

EGCG Promotes Neurite Outgrowth through the Integrin β1/FAK/p38 Signaling Pathway after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

The abnormal neurites have long been regarded as the main player contributing to the poor outcome of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). (-)-Eigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major biological component of tea catechin, exhibited strong neuroprotective effects against central nervous system diseases; however, the role of EGCG-mediated neurite outgrowth after SAH has not been delineated. Here, the effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS)/integrin β1/FAK/p38 pathway on neurite outgrowth was investigated. As expected, oxyhemoglobin- (OxyHb-) induced excessive ROS level was significantly reduced by EGCG as well as antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC). Consequently, the expression of integrin β1 was significantly inhibited by EGCG and NAC. Meanwhile, EGCG significantly inhibited the overexpression of phosphorylated FAK and p38 to basal level after SAH. As a result, the abnormal neurites and cell injury were rescued by EGCG, which eventually increased energy generation and neurological score after SAH. These results suggested that EGCG promoted neurite outgrowth after SAH by inhibition of ROS/integrin β1/FAK/p38 signaling pathway. Therefore, EGCG might be a new pharmacological agent that targets neurite outgrowth in SAH therapy.

Cysteine: an overlooked energy and carbon source

Biohybrids composed of microorganisms and nanoparticles have emerged as potential systems for bioenergy and high-value compound production from CO2 and light energy, yet the cellular and metabolic processes within the biological component of this system are still elusive. Here we dissect the biohybrid composed of the anaerobic acetogenic bacterium Moorella thermoacetica and cadmium sulphide nanoparticles (CdS) in terms of physiology, metabolism, enzymatics and transcriptomic profiling. Our analyses show that while the organism does not grow on l-cysteine, it is metabolized to acetate in the biohybrid system and this metabolism is independent of CdS or light. CdS cells have higher metabolic activity, despite an inhibitory effect of Cd2+ on key enzymes, because of an intracellular storage compound linked to arginine metabolism. We identify different routes how cysteine and its oxidized form can be innately metabolized by the model acetogen and what intracellular mechanisms are triggered by cysteine, cadmium or blue light.

Parallelization: the Fourth Leg of Cultural Globalization Theory

Extending Pieterse’s (1996) tripartite cultural globalization theory consisting of homogenization, hybridization and polarization, the current article outlines a set of exemplifications and justifications of a fourth theoretical underpinning labeled parallelization. The theory implies that at a global scale, crucial events that appear paradoxical or contradictory occur at the same time, such as carbon emissions due to growth-fixated global capitalism, while the causes of carbon emissions lead to greater resilience against the consequences of carbon emissions as wealth accumulates. Other examples discussed are large-scale migration flows which lead to increased segregation in host societies while integration of migrants occur as a parallel process; secularization visa-à-vis the resurgence of religions; clear indications of that the biological component of cognitive abilities decreases due to fertility patterns in many locations around the globe, while the IQ test scores have risen as a consequence of various environmental factors.