Testosterone control of territorial behavior: Tonic-release implants fully restore seasonal and short-term aggressive responses in free-living castrated lizards

1988 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 450-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael C. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Territorial Behavior ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Free Living

Short-term and long-term variability of indices related to nutritional status. I: Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, and Zn.

1989 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
S K Gallagher ◽  
L K Johnson ◽  
D B Milne
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Metabolic Unit ◽  
Biological Component ◽  
Analytical Variation

Abstract Five free-living women (ages 28-38 y) and five women (ages 23-44 y) residing in a metabolic unit and eating a constant diet were assessed for variation in indices related to mineral nutrition. Blood was sampled once a month for five months, once a week for five weeks, and once a day for five days to assess analytical and biological variability. Analytical variability was determined by using concurrently run duplicate control samples prepared from plasma or serum pools. Of the measured indices, serum ferritin varied most, with intra-individual variance of 4.72% to 18.0%. Much of this variance may have been because of changes in iron status or in the analytical technique used. Intra-individual month-to-month variance for other indices ranged from 17% for superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) to 1.5% for calcium. Correction for long-term analytical variation indicated that most of the variance was associated with the biological component. The higher biological variabilities of some indices, including ferritin or superoxide dismutase, need to be considered when nutritional status is being evaluated or when serial observations are made over a protracted period in clinical studies or trials.

scholarly journals Short-term, but not long-term, increased daytime workload leads to decreased night-time energetics in a free-living song bird

2019 ◽  
Vol 222 (14) ◽  
pp. jeb199513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel E. Visser ◽  
Coby van Dooremalen ◽  
Barbara M. Tomotani ◽  
Andrey Bushuev ◽  
Harro A. J. Meijer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Short Term ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Song Bird

Dietary intake adequacy and cognitive function in free-living active elderly: A cross-sectional and short-term prospective study

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sónia Velho ◽  
Pedro Marques-Vidal ◽  
Fátima Baptista ◽  
Maria Ermelinda Camilo
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Prospective Study ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Cross Sectional

Effect of disturbances on trophic groups in soil nematode assemblages

Nematology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 553-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert McSorley
Keyword(s):  
Plant Cover ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Soil Nematode ◽  
Trophic Groups ◽  
Bare Ground ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Free Living Nematode ◽  
A Site

AbstractFree-living nematodes in soil ecosystems are vital in the decomposition of organic matter and recycling of nutrients. The effects of various types of disturbances on nematode assemblages were examined in several experiments on a single soil: a short-term detrimental disturbance from solarisation, a short-term beneficial disturbance from amendment addition, and a long-term detrimental disturbance from bare ground without plant cover. Comparison of solarised and non-solarised field plots revealed lower numbers of fungivores in solarised plots. As a result, indices involving ratios of fungivores to bacterivores and fungivores to total free-living nematodes were decreased as well. Addition of an amendment increased numbers of bacterivores. This change was also reflected in calculated indices that expressed trophic groups as percentages of the total free-living nematodes. A severely disturbed site with bare ground that was without plant cover for more than 5 years was compared with an adjacent site maintained in grass. No plant-parasitic nematodes were recovered from the bare ground site, which contained lower numbers of nematodes in all trophic groups than the grass site. However, the structure of the free-living nematode assemblages in both sites was similar, as indicated by the proportions of various trophic groups and by ratios of fungivores and bacterivores. The free-living nematode assemblage in a site with a perceived severe long-term disturbance maintained a trophic structure similar to a site with perennial plant cover.

scholarly journals Short-term CO 2 exposure and temperature rise effects on metazoan meiofauna and free-living nematodes in sandy and muddy sediments: Results from a flume experiment

2018 ◽  
Vol 502 ◽  
pp. 211-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeroen Ingels ◽  
Giovanni dos Santos ◽  
Natalie Hicks ◽  
Yirina Valdes Vazquez ◽  
Patricia Fernandes Neres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Rise ◽  
Flume Experiment ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Metazoan Meiofauna ◽  
Muddy Sediments

scholarly journals “The stressed bird in the hand”: Influence of sampling design on the physiological stress response in a free-living songbird

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolaus Huber ◽  
Katharina Mahr ◽  
Zsófia Tóth ◽  
Endre Z. Szarka ◽  
Yusuf Ulaş Çınar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Sampling Design ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Parus Major ◽  
Blood Sampling ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Coping Capacity ◽  
Handling Stress ◽  
Physiological Stress Response

AbstractDespite the widely used application of standardized capture-handling protocols to collect blood and assess the physiological stress response, the effect of the actual sampling design (e.g. timing and the number of blood samples) often differs between studies, and the potential implications for the measured physiological endpoints remain understudied. We, therefore, experimentally tested the effects of repeated handling and multiple blood sampling on the stress response in wintering free-living great tits (Parus major). We modified a well-established sampling protocol of avian studies by adding either an additional blood sample or a “sham-manipulation” (i.e. handling associated with the blood sampling procedure without venepuncture), to disentangle the effects of handling stress and blood loss. We combined three different stress metrics along the endocrine-immune interface to investigate the acute short-term stress response: total corticosterone levels (CORT), the heterophil/lymphocyte ratio (H:L), and the Leukocyte Coping Capacity (LCC). Our study provided three key results: i) no relationship between CORT-levels, LCC and H:L, confirming that these three parameters represent different physiological endpoints within the stress response; ii) contrasting dynamics in response to stress by the measured parameters and iii) no difference in stress levels 30 minutes after capture due to one additional blood sampling or handling event. By optimising the sampling design, our results provide implications for animal welfare and planning experimental procedures on stress physiology in passerine species.Summary StatementWhen testing the short-term stress response in free living passerines, both – the scientist and the bird may be better off with a 15-minute stress protocol.

scholarly journals Testosterone induces plumage ornamentation followed by enhanced territoriality in a female songbird

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 1233-1241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan Boersma ◽  
Erik D Enbody ◽  
John Anthony Jones ◽  
Doka Nason ◽  
Elisa Lopez-Contreras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Territorial Behavior ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Territory Defense ◽  
Testosterone Treatment ◽  
Territorial Aggression ◽  
Proximate Mechanisms ◽  
Active Life ◽  
Pretreatment Period ◽  
Territorial Behaviors ◽  
Partial Acquisition

Abstract We know little of the proximate mechanisms underlying the expression of signaling traits in female vertebrates. Across males, the expression of sexual and competitive traits, including ornamentation and aggressive behavior, is often mediated by testosterone. In the white-shouldered fairywren (Malurus alboscapulatus) of New Guinea, females of different subspecies differ in the presence or absence of white shoulder patches and melanic plumage, whereas males are uniformly ornamented. Previous work has shown that ornamented females circulate more testosterone and exhibit more territorial aggression than do unornamented females. We investigated the degree to which testosterone regulates the expression of ornamental plumage and territorial behavior by implanting free-living unornamented females with testosterone. Every testosterone-treated female produced a male-like cloacal protuberance, and 15 of 20 replaced experimentally plucked brown with white shoulder patch feathers but did not typically produce melanic plumage characteristic of ornamented females. Testosterone treatment did not elevate territorial behavior prior to the production of the plumage ornament or during the active life of the implant. However, females with experimentally induced ornamentation, but exhausted implants, increased the vocal components of territory defense relative to the pretreatment period and also to testosterone-implanted females that did not produce ornamentation. Our results suggest that testosterone induces partial acquisition of the ornamental female plumage phenotype and that ornament expression, rather than testosterone alone, results in elevations of some territorial behaviors.

Modelling the effectiveness of vaccination in controlling bovine tuberculosis in wild boar

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy G. Anderson ◽  
Christian Gortázar ◽  
Joaquin Vicente ◽  
Michael R. Hutchings ◽  
Piran C. L. White
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Wild Boar ◽  
Bovine Tuberculosis ◽  
Vaccination Strategy ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Western Spain

Context Bovine tuberculosis is a persistent disease of livestock in many parts of the world, especially where wildlife hosts co-exist with livestock. In south-western Spain, despite the widespread implementation of test-and-cull strategies for cattle, the herd prevalence in areas with high wild boar densities remains stable. The control of M. bovis infection in wild boar is likely to be essential for effective disease control in livestock. Methods We developed an individual-based model to evaluate whether vaccinating wild boar piglets with oral bait would be an effective strategy to reduce the prevalence of M. bovis infection in wild boar populations. Specifically, we quantified the proportion of piglets requiring vaccination and the number of years the vaccination programme would need to continue to eradicate bTB from wild boar within 25 years, comparing ‘managed’ populations on hunting estates where supplementary food is provided, with ‘unmanaged’, free-living populations. Successful vaccination was defined as the proportion of piglets that were delivered the vaccine and were effectively protected from infection. Key results Longer-term (25-year) vaccination strategies were more successful than short-term (5-year) strategies at either eradicating M. bovis or reducing it to below 90% of its original prevalence. M. bovis infection could be eradicated under a 25-year vaccination strategy if 80% of piglets were vaccinated in a managed population or 70% of piglets were vaccinated in an unmanaged population. In contrast, 5-year strategies in which 80% of piglets were vaccinated reduced the prevalence of M. bovis only by 27% or 8% in the managed and unmanaged populations, respectively. Conclusions The results of our simulation model, coupled with the promising results of initial vaccine and oral bait-uptake trials in wild boar indicated that vaccination could be an effective strategy to reduce the prevalence of M. bovis infection in wild boar if used in conjunction with other disease-control measures. Implications The vaccination of piglets over a long-term period has the potential to make an important contribution to the eradication of M. bovis infection from wild boar reservoirs in southern Spain.

scholarly journals Neuroendocrine patterns underlying seasonal song and year-round territoriality in male black redstarts

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila P. Villavicencio ◽  
Harriet Windley ◽  
Pietro B. D’Amelio ◽  
Manfred Gahr ◽  
Wolfgang Goymann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Estrogen Receptor ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Territorial Behavior ◽  
Plasma Testosterone ◽  
Estrogen Receptor Expression ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Testosterone Levels ◽  
Life Cycle Stages ◽  
Song Control

Abstract Background The connection between testosterone and territoriality in free-living songbirds has been well studied in a reproductive context, but less so outside the breeding season. To assess the effects of seasonal androgenic action on territorial behavior, we analyzed vocal and non-vocal territorial behavior in response to simulated territorial intrusions (STIs) during three life-cycle stages in free-living male black redstarts: breeding, molt and nonbreeding. Concurrently, we measured changes in circulating testosterone levels, as well as the mRNA expression of androgen and estrogen receptors and aromatase in the preoptic, hypothalamic and song control brain areas that are associated with social and vocal behaviors. Results Territorial behavior and estrogen receptor expression in hypothalamic areas did not differ between stages. But plasma testosterone was higher during breeding than during the other stages, similar to androgen receptor and aromatase expression in the preoptic area. The expression of androgen receptors in the song control nucleus HVC was lower during molt when birds do not sing or sing rarely, but similar between the breeding and the nonbreeding stage. Nevertheless, some song spectral features and the song repertoire differed between breeding and nonbreeding. Territorial behavior and song rate correlated with the expression of steroid receptors in hypothalamic areas, and in the song control nucleus lMAN. Conclusions Our results demonstrate seasonal modulation of song, circulating testosterone levels, and brain sensitivity to androgens, but a year-round persistency of territorial behavior and estrogen receptor expression in all life-cycle stages. This suggests that seasonal variations in circulating testosterone concentrations and brain sensitivity to androgens is widely uncoupled from territorial behavior and song activity but might still affect song pattern. Our study contributes to the understanding of the complex comparative neuroendocrinology of song birds in the wild.

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