The structure of environmental governance: How public policies connect and partition California's oil and gas policy landscape

2021 ◽  
Vol 284 ◽  
pp. 112069
Author(s):  
Tanya Heikkila ◽  
Christopher M. Weible ◽  
Kristin L. Olofsson ◽  
Jennifer A. Kagan ◽  
Jongeun You ◽  
...  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 1019-1037
Author(s):  
Érica Nadia Costa Sousa ◽  
Davis Pereira de Paula

A governança ambiental no Brasil tem avançado significativamente nas últimas décadas, principalmente no que concernem as políticas públicas. No contexto da descentralização do poder institucional, o município vem adquirindo papel de relevância como entidade executora das ações orientadas pela governança. No âmbito da gestão costeira, hoje há diversos meios legais que reafirmam a importância do gerenciamento do litoral em áreas densamente urbanizadas, nesse quesito, todos os níveis detêm diversos mecanismos que podem auxiliar significativamente para a gestão adequada das áreas litorais. Dessa forma, a partir das diretrizes da governança ambiental brasileira, o presente artigo tem por objetivo analisar a gestão costeira dos municípios litorâneos cearenses a partir da atuação das secretarias municipais de meio ambiente dos referentes municípios. Sendo assim, foi aplicado um questionário eletrônico direcionado aos gestores públicos de órgãos e/ou secretarias de meio ambiente. Em que foram analisados aspectos da sua estrutura técnica de implementação das políticas públicas de gestão costeira, bem como as respostas municipais de gestão com base local. Levou-se em consideração para esta análise apenas os municípios que possuem orla marítima.  Com base na estrutura que orienta a boa gestão, aqui entendida como Governança, foi possível identificar a capacidade técnica de resposta dos órgãos de meio ambiente dos municípios costeiros cearenses frente as problemáticas de gestão de suas orlas.  E sobre todas essas questões, a governança assume o papel direcionador de boas práticas para melhorar a gestão costeira.Palavras-chave: Governança. Gestão Costeira. Instituições Públicas. ABSTRACTEnvironmental governance in Brazil has advanced significantly in recent decades, especially regarding public policies. In the context of the decentralization of institutional power, the municipality has been acquiring a relevant role as an executing entity of governance-oriented actions. In the context of coastal management, today there are several legal means that reaffirm the importance of coastal management in densely urbanized areas. In this regard, all levels have several mechanisms that can significantly assist in the proper management of coastal areas. Thus, based on the guidelines of the Brazilian environmental governance, this article aims to analyze the coastal management of the coastal municipalities of Ceará from the performance of the municipal environmental secretariats of the referred municipalities. Thus, an electronic questionnaire was applied to public managers of environmental agencies and / or departments. In which aspects of its technical structure for the implementation of coastal management public policies were analyzed, as well as the municipal based management responses. For this analysis, only the municipalities with seafronts were considered. Based on the structure that guides good management, understood here as Governance, it was possible to identify the technical capacity of the environmental agencies of Ceará coastal municipalities to respond to the problems of managing their borders. And on all these issues, governance assumes the guiding role of good practice for improving coastal management.Keywords: Governance. Coastal Management. Public Institutions. RESUMENLa gobernanza ambiental en Brasil ha avanzado significativamente en las últimas décadas, especialmente con respecto a las políticas públicas. En el contexto de la descentralización del poder institucional, el municipio ha adquirido un papel relevante como entidad ejecutora de acciones orientadas a la gobernanza. En el contexto del manejo costero, hoy existen varios medios legales que reafirman la importancia del manejo costero en áreas densamente urbanizadas, en este sentido, todos los niveles tienen varios mecanismos que pueden ayudar significativamente en el manejo adecuado de las áreas costeras. Por lo tanto, con base en los lineamientos de la gobernanza ambiental brasileña, este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar el manejo costero de los municipios costeros de Ceará a partir del desempeño de las secretarías ambientales municipales de los municipios referidos. Por lo tanto, se aplicó un cuestionario electrónico a los administradores públicos de agencias y / o departamentos ambientales. En qué aspectos de su estructura técnica para la implementación de la gestión costera se analizaron las políticas públicas, así como las respuestas de gestión con base municipal. Para este análisis, solo se consideraron los municipios con zonas marítimas. Con base en la estructura que guía la buena gestión, entendida aquí como Gobernanza, fue posible identificar la capacidad técnica de las agencias ambientales de los municipios costeros de Ceará para responder a los problemas de gestión de sus fronteras. Y en todos estos temas, la gobernanza asume el papel rector de las buenas prácticas para mejorar la gestión costera.Palabras clave: Gobernanza. Manejo costero. Instituciones públicas.


2017 ◽  
Vol 231 ◽  
pp. 685-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Eaton ◽  
Genia Kostka

AbstractThis article examines the so-called “central State Owned Enterprise (SOE) problem” in China's environmental governance system, namely central SOEs' defiance of environmental regulation. We present evidence showing that, in the last decade, central SOEs have been the source of a large number of serious pollution incidents and have often failed to comply with environmental guidelines and regulations. Central SOEs in the electricity generation and oil and gas industries are particularly culpable, with six firms alone accounting for 62 per cent of all 2,370 reported violations (2004–2016). We argue that a combination of “central protectionism” of state-owned national champions and insufficient regulatory capacity in the environmental bureaucracy have provided state firms under central management with both incentives and opportunities to shirk on environmental regulations. Yet, while the institutions of central protectionism are deeply rooted, countervailing forces within the complex Chinese state are also gaining momentum. In spite of the considerable regulatory challenges, officials in the environment bureaucracy display increasing resolve and ingenuity in trying to strengthen their enforcement capacity.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 14048
Author(s):  
Carla Mere-Roncal ◽  
Gabriel Cardoso Carrero ◽  
Andrea Birgit Chavez ◽  
Angelica Maria Almeyda Zambrano ◽  
Bette Loiselle ◽  
...  

The Amazon region has been viewed as a source of economic growth based on extractive industry and large-scale infrastructure development endeavors, such as roads, dams, oil and gas pipelines and mining. International and national policies advocating for the development of the Amazon often conflict with the environmental sector tasked with conserving its unique ecosystems and peoples through a sustainable development agenda. New practices of environmental governance can help mitigate adverse socio-economic and ecological effects. For example, forming a “community of practice and learning” (CoP-L) is an approach for improving governance via collaboration and knowledge exchange. The Governance and Infrastructure in the Amazon (GIA) project, in which this study is embedded, has proposed that fostering a CoP-L on tools and strategies to improve infrastructure governance can serve as a mechanism to promote learning and action on factors related to governance effectiveness. A particular tool used by the GIA project for generating and sharing knowledge has been participatory mapping (Pmap). This study analyzes Pmap exercises conducted through workshops in four different Amazonian regions. The goal of Pmap was to capture different perspectives from stakeholders based on their experiences and interests to visualize and reflect on (1) areas of value, (2) areas of concern and (3) recommended actions related to reducing impacts of infrastructure development and improvement of governance processes. We used a mixed-methods approach to explore textual analysis, regional multi-iteration discussion with stakeholders, participatory mapping and integration with ancillary geospatial datasets. We believe that by sharing local-knowledge-driven data and strengthening multi-actor dialogue and collaboration, this novel approach can improve day to day practices of CoP-L members and, therefore, the transparency of infrastructure planning and good governance.


2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 186-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Guadalupe Moog Rodrigues

The state of Rio de Janeiro has become a hub for oil and gas production and infrastructure since Brazil entered the global oil market in the 2000s. Observers have anticipated increasing tensions between environmental activists and oil companies. These predictions have not been fulfilled, despite increasing evidence of environmental degradation caused by oil production. What could be hindering environmental mobilization in defense of the environment and affected populations and against the unrestrained expansion of oil infrastructure in the state? A longitudinal case study of environmental activism in defense of the Guanabara Bay ecosystem suggests that answers must consider the combined effects of democratization, political and regulatory decentralization, and neoliberal reforms on socioenvironmental activism—specifically, its weakening as civil society organizations confront increasing burdens of participation in policy making, deeply fragmented institutional and regulatory frameworks for environmental governance, and the expansion of opportunities to engage in collaborative arrangements with corporations. O Estado do Rio de Janeiro tornou-se o centro da infraestrutura e produção de gás e petróleo desde que o Brasil ingressou no mercado internacional de petróleo nos anos 2000. Analistas vêm antecipando crescente tensão entre ativistas ambientais e companhias petrolíferas. Contudo, essas previsões não se concretizaram, não obstante evidência da degradação ambiental que a produção de petróleo vem causando. O que poderia estar impedindo a mobilização em defesa do meio ambiente e populações afetadas, e contra a expansão desmedida da infraestrutura petrolífera no estado? Um estudo de caso longitudinal do ativismo ambiental em defesa dos ecossistemas da Baía de Guanabara sugere que as repostas a essa questão devem considerar os efeitos combinados da democratização, descentralização política e regulatória, e reformas neoliberais no ativismo socioambiental—especificamente, seu enfraquecimento à medida que organizações da sociedade civil confrontam crescentes custos de participação nas políticas públicas, fragmentação de arcabouços regulatórios e institucionais de governança ambiental, e a expansão de oportunidades de engajamento em arranjos colaborativos com corporações.


2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
TOMÁS DE OLIVEIRA BREDARIOL ◽  
ALEXANDRE LOUIS DE ALMEIDA D’AVIGNON

Abstract This work is an effort to link institutions and environmental governance, focusing on the Brazilian offshore oil and gas sector. A case study detailing the experience of an environmental unit of Brazil`s federal environmental agency (Coordenação Geral de Petróleo e Gás, Diretoria de Licenciamento, Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis - CGPEG/DILIC/IBAMA) is used for this purpose. This unit is in charge of handling environmental permits for projects in this area. The methodology follows the institutional analysis and development framework as described by Ostrom (2011). Results reveal an environmental governance system characterized by the lack of policies that complement the issuing of environmental permits. In addition, we describe the institutional environment at CGPEG, demonstrating the existence of trust among its personnel. Finally, our conclusions indicate the importance of ensuring the permanence of the public staff, as well as the need to structure strategic governance systems.


Author(s):  
Thereza Cristina Cardoso Menezes

Abstract This article examines how in the past two decades development standards have been established for the Amazon based on both strengthening environmental governance and expanding agriculture. It describes how the process of construction in time of an ambiguous development policy model for the Amazon, which has oscillated between territorial management based on a “green agenda” perspective and investment in policies that favored territorial security of land occupancy implemented through changes in laws and regulations concerning the environment and land ownership. Finally, I emphasize the recent convergence of interests of international cooperation, the state and agribusiness around public policies for environmental regulation based on a perspective of harmonious conviviality and positive and systemic alignment between the economy and the environment.


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