Effectiveness of water softening residuals as components of road deicing chemicals: Model analysis of freezing point depression

In porous materials filled with water or water solutions of inorganic salts, water freezes at lower temperatures than under normal conditions; the reason is the decrease of water vapor tension above the convex meniscus of liquid in pores. The freezing point depression is not very significant in pores with radii from 0.05 μm to 10 μm (about 0.01-2.5 K). Only in smaller pores, especially when filled with inorganic salt solutions, this depression is important.

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Freezing point depression and freeze-thaw damage by nanofluidic salt trapping

Physical Review Fluids ◽

10.1103/physrevfluids.5.124201 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (12) ◽

Author(s):

Tingtao Zhou ◽

Mohammad Mirzadeh ◽

Roland J.-M. Pellenq ◽

Martin Z. Bazant

Keyword(s):

Freezing Point ◽

Freezing Point Depression ◽

Freeze Thaw

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Colloid osmotic pressure changes of dog's blood exposed to different mixtures of CO2 and air

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1978.44.2.254 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 44 (2) ◽

pp. 254-257 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Y. Kakiuchi ◽

A. B. DuBois ◽

D. Gorenberg

Keyword(s):

Red Blood Cells ◽

Osmotic Pressure ◽

Cell Volume ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Freezing Point ◽

Colloid Osmotic Pressure ◽

Red Cell ◽

Freezing Point Depression ◽

Pressure Changes ◽

Different Levels

Hansen's membrane manometer method for measuring plasma colloid osmotic pressure was used to obtain the osmolality changes of dogs breathing different levels of CO2. Osmotic pressure was converted to osmolality by calibration of the manometer with saline and plasma, using freezing point depression osmometry. The addition of 10 vol% of CO2 to tonometered blood caused about a 2.0 mosmol/kg H2O increase of osmolality, or 1.2% increase of red blood cell volume. The swelling of the red blood cells was probably due to osmosis caused by Cl- exchanged for the HCO3- which was produced rapidly by carbonic anhydrase present in the red blood cells. The change in colloid osmotic pressure accompanying a change in co2 tension was measured on blood obtained from dogs breathing different CO2 mixtures. It was approximately 0.14 mosmol/kg H2O per Torr Pco2. The corresponding change in red cell volume could not be calculated from this because water can exchange between the plasma and tissues.

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Study on Mechanical Automation with Design of Rapid Milk Detector Based on Freezing Point

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.703.282 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 703 ◽

pp. 282-286

Author(s):

Ren Cai Zhang ◽

Xiang Yu ◽

Xing Ju Liu ◽

Jin Hai Zhai ◽

Zhen Wu Ning

Keyword(s):

Integrated Circuit ◽

Temperature Sensor ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Freezing Point ◽

Electronic Control ◽

Freezing Point Depression ◽

Electronic Control System ◽

Freezing Curve ◽

Rack Mechanism

An efficient automated milk detector based on freezing point depression is designed. This detector shares characters of high efficiency and good stability with accuracy and automation. Its main parts include temperature sensor of IC (Integrated Circuit), pinion-rack mechanism and crank-rocker mechanism and electronic control system. Monitoring in-situ change of milk freezing curve and developing efficiency of sampling can be available by means of pinion-rack mechanism and IC temperature sensor mechatronics design. As a result, adulterating status of milk can be discriminated in a rapid and accurate and automated way. The detector may be employed to detect liquid foods other than milk as well.

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