Feline pyothorax: A retrospective study of 27 cases in Australia

2005 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 211-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa R. Barrs ◽  
Graeme S. Allan ◽  
Patricia Martin ◽  
Julia A. Beatty ◽  
Richard Malik
Keyword(s):  
Pleural Space ◽  
Mycoplasma Species ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Actinomyces Species ◽  
Direct Inoculation ◽  
Widespread Belief ◽  
Oropharyngeal Flora ◽  
Bite Wounds ◽  
Spread Of Infection ◽  
Perioperative Aspiration

Pyothorax was diagnosed in 27 cats between 1983 and 2002. In 21 (78%) of the cases, pleural fluid culture and/or cytology was consistent with a mixed anaerobic bacterial infection of oropharyngeal origin. In six cases (22%), infection was caused by unusual pathogens or pathogens of non-oropharyngeal origin, including a Mycoplasma species, Cryptococcus gattii, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus. The overall mortality rate was 22%. Treatment was successful in 18 of 19 cases (95%) where closed thoracostomy tubes were inserted. One case resolved only after thoracotomy. Actinomyces species were isolated in three cases and in contrast to dogs where thoracotomy is recommended, they were resolved with tube thoracostomy. Mechanical complications occurred in 58% of the cats with indwelling chest tubes. Probable mechanisms of pleural space infection were identified in 18 cats (67%) including haematogenous infection ( n=1), direct inoculation of bacteria into the pleural space ( n=1), intrathoracic oesophageal rupture ( n=1) and parapneumonic extension of infection ( n=15; 56%). Of the latter, perioperative aspiration was suspected in two cats, parasitic migration in two and antecedent upper respiratory tract infection was implicated in seven. Parapneumonic spread of infection after colonisation and invasion of lung tissue by oropharyngeal flora appears to be the most frequent cause of feline anaerobic polymicrobial pyothorax and contests the widespread belief that direct inoculation of pleural cavity by bite wounds is more common.

Epidemiologic evaluation of multiple respiratory pathogens in cats in animal shelters

2005 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Bannasch ◽  
Janet E. Foley
Keyword(s):  
Mycoplasma Species ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Animal Shelters ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Feline Herpesvirus ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Control Evaluation ◽  
Animal Care

Upper respiratory tract infection (URI) propagates readily within cats in shelters and often results in euthanasia of affected cats. In a case-control evaluation of 573 cats in eight shelters in California in 2001 and 2002, the prevalence of feline calicivirus (FCV) was from 13 to 36%, feline herpesvirus (FHV) was from 3 to 38%, and prevalence of Bordetella bronchiseptica, Chlamydophila felis, and Mycoplasma species was from 2 to 14%. Cats with URI tended to be housed in isolation, dehydrated, and younger than cats without URI, and infected with FHV, Mycoplasma species, FCV, or C felis. Shelters differed in the prevalence of pathogens and many cats appeared positive for infection after about 1 week of sheltering. It is helpful for shelters to understand the risk factors associated with URI in order to evaluate the costs and benefits of treatment and improve their procedures to decrease the incidence of URI within their facilities. Antiherpetics and antimycoplasmal drugs may be beneficial for individual animal care. Results document the utility of comprehensive URI surveillance and herd management for specific pathogens typical in that shelter.

Amniotic Fluid Infection Syndrome and Neonatal Mortality Caused by Eikenella corrodens

2005 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Kostadinov ◽  
Halit Pinar
Keyword(s):  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Female Genital Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Eikenella Corrodens ◽  
Human Bite ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Bite Wounds ◽  
Head And Neck Infections ◽  
Female Genital

Different microorganisms not commonly found in the female genital tract have been implicated as causative agents for amniotic fluid infections. Eikenella corrodens is part of the normal flora in the human oral cavity and upper respiratory tract. It is most commonly found in the clinical setting of polymicrobial infections involving human bite wounds, head and neck infections, and periodontitis. On rare occasions, E. corrodens has been reported as a cause of gynecologic infections. There are only 3 reports of documented E. corrodens chorioamnionitis of the placenta resulting in preterm labor, one of which is associated with early neonatal demise. We report a case of preterm delivery of twin infants at 23 weeks of gestation with documented E. corrodens infection in 1 twin who was not resuscitated.

Left Pansinusitis and Periorbital and Intracranial Abscesses Due to Actinomyces Species

1988 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 117-120
Author(s):  
Donald R. Paugh ◽  
Charles F. Koopmann
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Paranasal Sinus ◽  
Frontal Sinus ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Intracranial Abscess ◽  
Paranasal Sinusitis ◽  
First Case ◽  
Actinomyces Species ◽  
Spread Of Infection ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp

Paranasal sinusitis may occasionally be complicated by intraorbital or intracranial spread of infection. In this presentation, the authors report the case of a 17-year-old male with left pansinusitis complicated by periorbital and intracranial abscess secondary to an infection associated with Actinomyces spp. and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. This appears to be the first case report of Actinomyces involvement in the orbit or frontal sinus. The potential morbidity and/or mortality associated with locally invasive paranasal sinus abscess is reviewed. The combined medical and surgical management of this problem is presented.

scholarly journals Proteus empyema as a rare complication from an infected renal cyst, a case report

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kranthikiran Earasi ◽  
Caitlin Welch ◽  
Adam Zelickson ◽  
Clinton Westover ◽  
Chintan Ramani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Proteus Mirabilis ◽  
Chest Tube ◽  
Renal Cyst ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Pleural Space ◽  
Tube Placement ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cross Sectional Imaging ◽  
Sectional Imaging

Abstract Background The most commonly isolated organisms in a parapneumonic effusion include S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and S. aureus. If unusual organisms are isolated from the pleural space, further investigation is warranted to locate the primary source. We present a patient with an infected chronic renal cyst found to have an empyema secondary to Proteus mirabilis to highlight the importance of further diagnostic workup when encountering unusual organisms in the pleural space. Case presentation A 40-year-old African-American female, with a past medical history of asthma and sickle cell trait, presented with 5 weeks of upper respiratory tract symptoms and chest pain. A computed tomography angiogram (CTA) of the chest was negative for a pulmonary embolism but revealed a loculated left sided pleural effusion with associated left-lower lobe consolidation. She was started on empiric antibiotics, and a chest tube was inserted with drainage of frank pus. Fluid gram stain was positive for gram negative rods. Intrapleural fibrinolytics were administered for 72 h given the presence of loculations. With no improvement following fibrinolytics, she was taken to the operating room for large bore chest tube placement and left visceral pleura decortication. Pleural fluid cultures speciated to Proteus mirabilis, so further cross-sectional imaging of her abdomen/pelvis was pursued to evaluate for a primary source. A complex cystic lesion in the upper pole of the left kidney that communicated with the ipsilateral diaphragm was identified. Subsequent drainage and culture of the renal cyst was positive for Proteus mirabilis. Given clinical improvement following these interventions she was discharged with an extended course of antibiotics with plans for repeat imaging following completion of treatment. Conclusions While cases of Proteus mirabilis empyema have previously been reported as a consequence of conditions such as pyelonephritis, we present, to our knowledge, the first case of a Proteus mirabilis empyema as a consequence of an infected renal cyst communicating with the pleural space. This study highlights that further evaluation with cross-sectional imaging is warranted when unusual organisms are found in the pleural space. Anatomic abnormalities that become apparent on imaging may help elucidate the source of infection.

scholarly journals Recovery of Two Mycoplasma Species from Abscesses in a Cat following Bite Wounds from a Dog

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D. Walker ◽  
Richard Walshaw ◽  
Craig M. Riggs ◽  
Theresa Mosser
Keyword(s):  
Mycoplasma Species ◽  
Bite Wounds

Abstract 41: Evidence Against Mycoplasma pneumonia as An Etiologic Agent of Kawasaki Disease

Circulation ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 131 (suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel R Dominguez ◽  
Marsha S Anderson ◽  
Heather R Heizer ◽  
Pei-Ni Jone ◽  
Christine C Robinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kawasaki Disease ◽  
Salt Lake ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Diagnostic Testing ◽  
Salt Lake City ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Etiological Agent ◽  
Mycoplasma Species ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lake City

Background: The etiology of Kawasaki Disease (KD) remains unknown. The majority of KD patients present with a history of, or concurrent respiratory symptoms. Isolated case reports of Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mp) associated with KD have been reported. Since Mp can cause mucous membrane disease (eye and mouth lesions), rash, and fevers, it remains a possible etiological agent for KD. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of Mp identified in the upper respiratory tract of patients admitted with a diagnosis of KD. Methods: All KD patients admitted to Children’s Hospital Colorado (CHCO) over a 14 month period (Feb 2013 - Mar 2014) who had a nasopharyngeal wash (NPW) submitted for diagnostic testing were included in the study. Mp PCR was performed using the Film Array Respiratory Panel (BioFire Diagnostics, Salt Lake, City, UT). Furthermore, a CDC investigated pediatric outbreak of Mp in our community afforded the opportunity to investigate an epidemiological association between Mp and KD by comparing the incidence of KD to the incidence of Mp positive respiratory samples from Jan 2013 - May 2014. Results: Forty-seven (65%) of 72 KD patients had a NPW submitted and tested for Mp. None of these 47 patients tested positive for Mp. During 2013 - 2014 there was no correlation between the overall incidence of Mp positive respiratory samples and the incidence of KD. Conclusions: Our data do not support the hypothesis that Mp is an etiological agent of KD. Although unlikely, this study does not exclude the possibility that another Mycoplasma species could be involved in the pathogenesis of KD.

Fifteen-minute consultation: A structured approach to children with parapneumonic effusion and empyema thoracis

2021 ◽  
pp. edpract-2021-322621
Author(s):  
Joanna Kirstin B Dykes ◽  
Adam Lawton ◽  
Saskia Burchett ◽  
Atul Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Fibrinolytic Therapy ◽  
Pleural Space ◽  
Parapneumonic Effusion ◽  
Empyema Thoracis ◽  
Children And Young People ◽  
Intravenous Antibiotics ◽  
Lung Expansion ◽  
Infection And Inflammation ◽  
Spread Of Infection ◽  
Structured Approach

Parapneumonic effusion is defined as the accumulation of pleural fluid associated with lung infection/pneumonia. Parapneumonic effusions can be uncomplicated or complicated. They are caused by the spread of infection and inflammation to the pleural space, and can develop into empyema thoracis—frank pus in the pleural space. Chest radiograph and thoracic ultrasound are the key imaging modalities for the diagnosis of parapneumonic effusion. Management aims are reducing inflammation and bacteria in the pleural cavity, and enabling full lung expansion. Broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics, with the addition of chest tube drainage and fibrinolytic therapy for larger collections, are the mainstays of management. This article provides a clear, evidence-based and structured approach to the assessment and management of parapneumonic effusion/empyema thoracis in children and young people.

scholarly journals Pyothorax in cats and dogs

2017 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Gorris ◽  
S. Faut ◽  
S. Daminet ◽  
H. De Rooster ◽  
J. H. Saunders ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pleural Fluid ◽  
Bacterial Culture ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Pleural Space ◽  
Thoracic Empyema ◽  
Fluid Analysis ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Oropharyngeal Flora ◽  
Similarities And Differences

Pyothorax, or thoracic empyema, is an infection of the pleural space, characterized by the accumulation of purulent exudate. It is a life-threatening emergency in dogs as well as in cats, with a guarded prognosis. Dyspnea and/or tachypnea, anorexia and lethargy are the most typical clinical signs. Diagnosis is usually straightforward, based on the clinical symptoms combined with pleural fluid analysis, including cytology and bacterial culture. Most commonly, oropharyngeal flora is isolated in the pleural fluid. Treatment can be medical or surgical, but needs to be immediate and aggressive. In this article, an overview of the various causes of both feline and canine pyothorax with its similarities and differences is provided. Epidemiology, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis are discussed.

scholarly journals Diagnosis, Surveillance and Management of Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus Infections in Chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera)

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 370-375
Author(s):  
Cara M Mitchell ◽  
Linda K Johnson ◽  
Marcus J Crim ◽  
Charles E Wiedmeyer ◽  
Umarani Pugazhenthi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Screening Assay ◽  
Zoonotic Infections ◽  
University Of Colorado ◽  
Streptococcus Equi ◽  
Axillary Region ◽  
Intracardiac Injection ◽  
Spread Of Infection ◽  
The University

During a 6-mo period, two 5-6 mo old female chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera) were examined at the University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus after the discovery of firm, nonmobile masses in the left ventral cervical and left axillary region. Other than these findings and mild weight loss, both chinchillas' physical exams were normal. Bloodwork revealed an inflammatory leukogram characterized by leukocytosis, toxic neutrophils, lymphopenia, and monocytosis with mild, nonregenerative anemia. At necropsy, both masses were identified as abscesses. Streptococcus equi, subspecies zooepidemicus (S. zooepidemicus) was isolated in pure culture. Histology of the lungs, liver, spleen, and kidneys showed a marked increase in the numbers of both polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes. Both animals were deemed unsuitable for research and were euthanized under isoflurane anesthesia by an intracardiac injection of pentobarbital sodium solution. S. zooepidemicus is an opportunistic, commensal organism found in the upper respiratory tract of horses. This organism has been documented to cause disease in other species and is zoonotic. Infections in humans have been reported, resulting in glomerulonephritis, endocarditis, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, meningitis, and death. To aid in diagnosis and prospective surveillance of this bacteria, oral and nasal swabs were collected from the remaining cohort of chinchillas, and a qPCR screening assay was implemented. Within 12 mo, 4 of 41 additional females tested positive by culture or qPCR, resulting in a disease prevalence of 14% (6 of 43). However, only 2 of the additional 4 S. zooepidemicus positive animals developed clinical signs. The potential for the spread of infection, zoonosis, and adverse effects on research demonstrate that surveillance for S. zooepidemicus should be considered in a biomedical research environment.

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