scholarly journals Additive Manufacturing of Stainless Steel – Copper Functionally Graded Materials via Inconel 718 Interlayer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinchang Zhang ◽  
Lan Li ◽  
Frank Liou
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Functionally Graded Materials ◽  
Inconel 718 ◽  
Functionally Graded ◽  
Graded Materials

scholarly journals Ceramic-Based 4D Components: Additive Manufacturing (AM) of Ceramic-Based Functionally Graded Materials (FGM) by Thermoplastic 3D Printing (T3DP)

Materials ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uwe Scheithauer ◽  
Steven Weingarten ◽  
Robert Johne ◽  
Eric Schwarzer ◽  
Johannes Abel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Functionally Graded Materials ◽  
Functionally Graded ◽  
Graded Materials

Approximate Functionally Graded Materials for Multi-Material Additive Manufacturing

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuen-Shan Leung ◽  
Huachao Mao ◽  
Yong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Functionally Graded Materials ◽  
Functionally Graded ◽  
Gradual Transition ◽  
Material Distribution ◽  
Graded Materials ◽  
Base Materials ◽  
Multiple Materials ◽  
Am Processes

Functionally graded materials (FGM) possess superior properties of multiple materials due to the continuous transitions of these materials. Recent progresses in multi-material additive manufacturing (AM) processes enable the creation of arbitrary material composition, which significantly enlarges the manufacturing capability of FGMs. At the same time, the fabrication capability also introduces new challenges for the design of FGMs. A critical issue is to create the continuous material distribution under the fabrication constraints of multi-material AM processes. Using voxels to approximate gradient material distribution could be one plausible way for additive manufacturing. However, current FGM design methods are non-additive-manufacturing-oriented and unpredictable. For instance, some designs require a vast number of materials to achieve continuous transitions; however, the material choices that are available in a multi-material AM machine are rather limited. Other designs control the volume fraction of two materials to achieve gradual transition; however, such transition cannot be functionally guaranteed. To address these issues, we present a design and fabrication framework for FGMs that can efficiently and effectively generate printable and predictable FGM structures. We adopt a data-driven approach to approximate the behavior of FGM using two base materials. A digital material library is constructed with different combinations of the base materials, and their mechanical properties are extracted by Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The mechanical properties are then used for the conversion process between the FGM and the dual material structure such that similar behavior is guaranteed. An error diffusion algorithm is further developed to minimize the approximation error. Simulation results on four test cases show that our approach is robust and accurate, and the framework can successfully design and fabricate such FGM structures.

scholarly journals Production and Characterization of a 316L Stainless Steel/β-TCP Biocomposite Using the Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) Technique for Dental and Orthopedic Applications

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1923
Author(s):  
Bruna Horta Bastos Kuffner ◽  
Patricia Capellato ◽  
Larissa Mayra Silva Ribeiro ◽  
Daniela Sachs ◽  
Gilbert Silva
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Functionally Graded Materials ◽  
Tricalcium Phosphate ◽  
316L Stainless Steel ◽  
Functionally Graded ◽  
Graded Materials ◽  
Beta Tricalcium Phosphate ◽  
Orthopedic Applications

Metallic biomaterials are widely used for implants and dental and orthopedic applications due to their good mechanical properties. Among all these materials, 316L stainless steel has gained special attention, because of its good characteristics as an implantable biomaterial. However, the Young’s modulus of this metal is much higher than that of human bone (~193 GPa compared to 5–30 GPa). Thus, a stress shielding effect can occur, leading the implant to fail. In addition, due to this difference, the bond between implant and surrounding tissue is weak. Already, calcium phosphate ceramics, such as beta-tricalcium phosphate, have shown excellent osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties. However, they present low mechanical strength. For this reason, this study aimed to combine 316L stainless steel with the beta-tricalcium phosphate ceramic (β-TCP), with the objective of improving the steel’s biological performance and the ceramic’s mechanical strength. The 316L stainless steel/β-TCP biocomposites were produced using powder metallurgy and functionally graded materials (FGMs) techniques. Initially, β-TCP was obtained by solid-state reaction using powders of calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate. The forerunner materials were analyzed microstructurally. Pure 316L stainless steel and β-TCP were individually submitted to temperature tests (1000 and 1100 °C) to determine the best condition. Blended compositions used to obtain the FGMs were defined as 20% to 20%. They were homogenized in a high-energy ball mill, uniaxially pressed, sintered and analyzed microstructurally and mechanically. The results indicated that 1100 °C/2 h was the best sintering condition, for both 316L stainless steel and β-TCP. For all individual compositions and the FGM composite, the parameters used for pressing and sintering were appropriate to produce samples with good microstructural and mechanical properties. Wettability and hemocompatibility were also achieved efficiently, with no presence of contaminants. All results indicated that the production of 316L stainless steel/β-TCP FGMs through PM is viable for dental and orthopedic purposes.

Functionally Graded Nano Hardmetal Materials Made by Spark Plasma Sintering Technology

2005 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 179-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinglong Tan ◽  
Shaoyu Qiu ◽  
Wenyan He ◽  
Daifu Lei
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Internal Stress ◽  
Spark Plasma Sintering ◽  
Functionally Graded Materials ◽  
Functionally Graded ◽  
The Other ◽  
Graded Materials ◽  
Plasma Sintering ◽  
Spark Plasma ◽  
Sintering Processes

The properties of nano WC/Co hardmetals prepared by different Spark Plasma Sintering processes were measured. A 4-layer Functionally Graded Materials (FGM) was also obtained by Spark Plasma Sintering technology (SPS), starting from powders of nano WC/10%Co, nano WC/12%Co, micro WC/15%Co and stainless steel disk. The other 3-layer FGM was made from powders of nano 21%Al2O3/ZrO2, nickel and stainless steel. The SPS processing led to FGM free of internal stress, which was measured using Vickers indentations.

Fabrication of Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) Via Additive Manufacturing Route

2021 ◽  
pp. 191-213
Author(s):  
Pushkal Badoniya ◽  
Ashish Yadav ◽  
Manu Srivastava ◽  
Prashant K. Jain ◽  
Sandeep Rathee
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Functionally Graded Materials ◽  
Functionally Graded ◽  
Graded Materials
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