Laser-induced fluorescence was used to measure the lateral dispersion of passive solute in random arrays of rigid, emergent cylinders of solid volume fraction φ=0.010–0.35. Such densities correspond to those observed in aquatic plant canopies and complement those in packed beds of spheres, where φ≥0.5. This paper focuses on pore Reynolds numbers greater than Res=250, for which our laboratory experiments demonstrate that the spatially averaged turbulence intensity and Kyy/(Upd), the lateral dispersion coefficient normalized by the mean velocity in the fluid volume, Up, and the cylinder diameter, d, are independent of Res. First, Kyy/(Upd) increases rapidly with φ from φ =0 to φ=0.031. Then, Kyy/(Upd) decreases from φ=0.031 to φ=0.20. Finally, Kyy/(Upd) increases again, more gradually, from φ=0.20 to φ=0.35. These observations are accurately described by the linear superposition of the proposed model of turbulent diffusion and existing models of dispersion due to the spatially heterogeneous velocity field that arises from the presence of the cylinders. The contribution from turbulent diffusion scales with the mean turbulence intensity, the characteristic length scale of turbulent mixing and the effective porosity. From a balance between the production of turbulent kinetic energy by the cylinder wakes and its viscous dissipation, the mean turbulence intensity for a given cylinder diameter and cylinder density is predicted to be a function of the form drag coefficient and the integral length scale lt. We propose and experimentally verify that lt=min{d, 〈sn〉A}, where 〈sn〉A is the average surface-to-surface distance between a cylinder in the array and its nearest neighbour. We farther propose that only turbulent eddies with mixing length scale greater than d contribute significantly to net lateral dispersion, and that neighbouring cylinder centres must be farther than r* from each other for the pore space between them to contain such eddies. If the integral length scale and the length scale for mixing are equal, then r*=2d. Our laboratory data agree well with predictions based on this definition of r*.
Turbulence Intensity and Length Scale Effects on Premixed Turbulent Flame Propagation
