Increased activity of lysozyme and complement system in Atlantic halibut exposed to elevated CO2 at six different temperatures

2016 ◽  
Vol 122 ◽  
pp. 143-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Bresolin de Souza ◽  
N. Asker ◽  
E. Jönsson ◽  
L. Förlin ◽  
J. Sturve
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Complement System ◽  
Atlantic Halibut ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Increased Activity

scholarly journals A gender bias in the calcification response to ocean acidification

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 8485-8513 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Holcomb ◽  
A. L. Cohen ◽  
D. C. McCorkle
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Elevated Pco2 ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Astrangia Poculata ◽  
Population Structures ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
Ambient Co2

Abstract. The effects of nutrients and pCO2 on zooxanthellate and azooxanthellate colonies of the temperate scleractinian coral Astrangia poculata (Ellis and Solander, 1786) were investigated at two different temperatures (16 °C and 24 °C). Corals exposed to elevated pCO2 tended to have lower relative calcification rates, as estimated from changes in buoyant weights. No nutrient effect was observed. At 16 °C, gamete release was not observed, and no gender differences in calcification rate were observed. However, corals grown at 24 °C spawned repeatedly and male and female corals exhibited two different growth rate patterns. Female corals grown at 24 °C and exposed to CO2 had calcification rates 39 % lower than females grown at ambient CO2, while males showed only a 5 % decline in calcification under elevated CO2. At 16 °C, female and male corals showed similar reductions in calcification rates in response to elevated CO2 (15 % and 19 % respectively). At 24 °C, corals spawned repeatedly, while no spawning was observed at 16 °C. The increased sensitivity of females to elevated pCO2 may reflect a greater investment of energy in reproduction (egg production) relative to males (sperm production). These results suggest that both gender and spawning are important factors in determining the sensitivity of corals to ocean acidification and their inclusion in future research may be critical to predicting how the population structures of marine calcifiers will change in response to ocean acidification.

scholarly journals Temperature affects the hypoxia tolerance of neotropical Cichlid Geophagus brasiliensis

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jéssica A. Pereira ◽  
Alexandra C.S. Veronez ◽  
Gabriel C. Coppo ◽  
Charles Duca ◽  
Adriana R. Chippari-Gomes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Muscle ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Hypoxia Tolerance ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Geophagus Brasiliensis ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Increased Activity ◽  
Main Strategy

ABSTRACT Oxygen and temperature are the most limiting factors in aquatic environments. Several species are exposed to variations of these factors in water because of physical, chemical and biological processes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the metabolic profile and the tolerance to the hypoxia of Geophagus brasiliensis exposed to changes in temperature and oxygen availability. The fish were exposed to 20 and 90% of oxygen saturation combined with different temperatures (20°, 24° and 28° C) for 8 h. Hepatic and muscular glycogen, as well as the activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), citrate synthase (CS) and their ratios were evaluated. Both glycogen and MDH activity showed a significant difference in the liver. While CS showed increased activity only in the heart. The increase in LDH activity in the white muscle shows the importance of the anaerobic pathway as energy source in this tissue. The MDH / LDH ratio increased in all tissues, while CS / LDH increased in the liver and decreased in the heart. Based on the results of the present study it may be concluded that this species used the anaerobic metabolism as the main strategy for hypoxia tolerance.

scholarly journals An investigation of the calcification response of the scleractinian coral <i>Astrangia</i> <i>poculata</i> to elevated <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> and the effects of nutrients, zooxanthellae and gender

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Holcomb ◽  
A. L. Cohen ◽  
D. C. McCorkle
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Scleractinian Coral ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Elevated Pco2 ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Population Structures ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
And Gender

Abstract. The effects of nutrients and pCO2 on zooxanthellate and azooxanthellate colonies of the temperate scleractinian coral Astrangia poculata (Ellis and Solander, 1786) were investigated at two different temperatures (16 °C and 24 °C). Corals exposed to elevated pCO2 tended to have lower relative calcification rates, as estimated from changes in buoyant weights. Experimental nutrient enrichments had no significant effect nor did there appear to be any interaction between pCO2 and nutrients. Elevated pCO2 appeared to have a similar effect on coral calcification whether zooxanthellae were present or absent at 16 °C. However, at 24 °C, the interpretation of the results is complicated by a significant interaction between gender and pCO2 for spawning corals. At 16 °C, gamete release was not observed, and no gender differences in calcification rates were observed – female and male corals showed similar reductions in calcification rates in response to elevated CO2 (15% and 19% respectively). Corals grown at 24 °C spawned repeatedly and male and female corals exhibited two different growth rate patterns – female corals grown at 24 °C and exposed to CO2 had calcification rates 39% lower than females grown at ambient CO2, while males showed a non-significant decline of 5% under elevated CO2. The increased sensitivity of females to elevated pCO2 may reflect a greater investment of energy in reproduction (egg production) relative to males (sperm production). These results suggest that both gender and spawning are important factors in determining the sensitivity of corals to ocean acidification, and considering these factors in future research may be critical to predicting how the population structures of marine calcifiers will change in response to ocean acidification.

scholarly journals Storage Compound Accumulation in Diatoms as Response to Elevated CO2 Concentration

Biology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik L. Jensen ◽  
Karen Yangüez ◽  
Frédéric Carrière ◽  
Brigitte Gontero
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Lipid Accumulation ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Thalassiosira Pseudonana ◽  
Elevated Co2 Concentration ◽  
Activity Of Enzymes ◽  
Accumulation Of Lipids ◽  
Increased Activity

Accumulation of reserve compounds (i.e., lipids and chrysolaminarin) in diatoms depends on the environmental conditions, and is often triggered by stress conditions, such as nutrient limitation. Manipulation of CO2 supply can also be used to improve both lipids and carbohydrates accumulation. Given the high diversity among diatoms, we studied the two marine model diatoms—Thalassiosira pseudonana and Phaeodactylum tricornutum, a freshwater diatom, Asterionella formosa, and Navicula pelliculosa—found in fresh- and sea-water environments. We measured the accumulation of reserve compounds and the activity of enzymes involved in carbon metabolism in these diatoms grown at high and atmospheric CO2. We observed that biomass and lipid accumulation in cells grown at high CO2 differ among the diatoms. Lipid accumulation increased only in P. tricornutum and N. pelliculosa grown in seawater in response to elevated CO2. Moreover, accumulation of lipids was also accompanied by an increased activity of the enzymes tested. However, lipid accumulation and enzyme activity decreased in N. pelliculosa cultured in fresh water. Chrysolaminarin accumulation was also affected by CO2 concentration; however, there was no clear relation with lipids accumulation. Our results are relevant to understand better the ecological role of the environment in the diatom adaptation to CO2 and the mechanisms underpinning the production of storage compounds considering diatom diversity.

scholarly journals Oxidative Stress and Biomarker Responses in the Atlantic Halibut After Long Term Exposure to Elevated CO2 and a Range of Temperatures

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Carney Almroth ◽  
K Bresolin de Souza ◽  
E Jönsson ◽  
J Sturve
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Multiple Stressors ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Protein Carbonyls ◽  
Atlantic Halibut ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Antioxidant Defence System ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Ros Formation

AbstractOceans are warming and pH levels are decreasing as a consequence of increasing levels of dissolved CO2 concentrations. The CO2 emissions are predicted to be produce in greater and faster changes in the ocean than any other event in geological and historical records over the past 300 million years. Marine organisms will need to respond to multiple stressors but the potential consequences of global change-related effects in fish are not fully understood. Since fish are affected by many biotic and abiotic environmental variables, including temperature and CO2 fluctuations, it is critical to investigate how these variables may affect physiological and biochemical processes. We investigated the effects of elevated CO2 levels (pH of 8.0, which served as a control, or 7.6, which is predicted for the year 2100) combined with exposure to different temperatures (5, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 °C) in the Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) during a three month experiment. We assessed effects on antioxidant and cholinesterase enzymes (AChE and BChE), and CYP1A enzyme activities (EROD). The treatments resulted in oxidative stress, and damage was evident in the form of protein carbonyls which were consistently higher in the elevated CO2-treated fish at all temperatures. Analyses of antioxidant enzymes did not show the same results, suggesting that the exposure to elevated CO2 increased ROS formation but not defences. The antioxidant defence system was insufficient, and the resulting oxidative damage could impact physiological function of the halibut on a cellular level.

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