scholarly journals n-Alkanes, PAHs and surfactants in the sea surface microlayer and sea water samples of the Gerlache Inlet sea (Antarctica)

2009 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Stortini ◽  
T. Martellini ◽  
M. Del Bubba ◽  
L. Lepri ◽  
G. Capodaglio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Surface Microlayer ◽  
Sea Surface Microlayer

Is the ocean enough? – Indications towards the origin of Ice Nucleating Particles from May to July in the Arctic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Hartmann ◽  
Xianda Gong ◽  
Simonas Kecorius ◽  
Manuela van Pinxteren ◽  
Teresa Vogl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Radiative Properties ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Surface Microlayer ◽  
German Research Foundation ◽  
Fog Water ◽  
Sea Surface Microlayer

<p>Low-level mixed-phase clouds are important factors influencing the energy budget of the Arctic boundary layer. The radiative properties of these clouds are determined by their microphysical properties. Aerosol particles that act as Ice Nucleating Particles (INP), impact the primary ice formation inside clouds and thereby affect cloud lifetime, albedo and precipitation formation. The sources of INP in the Arctic, their properties, nature and concentration are poorly understood which results in substantial uncertainties radiative forcing estimates in climate models.</p><p>Here, we present ship-based measurements of INP in different environmental compartments (air, sea surface microlayer, bulk sea water, fog water) in the Arctic. From May to July 2017 the PASCAL field campaign took place around and north of Svalbard (up to 84°N, between 0° and 35°E) onboard the RV Polarstern. INP concentrations were measured online with the SPIN instrument (Spectrometer for Ice Nuclei, DMT) and offline through filter sampling and analysis with freezing array techniques. We assess possible connections between the INP in the sea water and air, as well as between INP in the fog water and air through a closure study.</p><p>Generally, INP concentrations in the Arctic were found to be lower than in mid-latitudes with the exception of elevated INP concentrations at temperatures above -15°C and below -30°C. We attribute elevated INP concentrations to the presence of biogenic, probably proteinaceous INP, at the warmer, and to the presence of mineral dust at colder temperatures, respectively. The closure studies revealed that:<br>a) all INP in the air are activated to fog droplets, and <br>b) the INP concentration in seawater alone cannot explain INP concentration in air without a substantial enrichment of INP (factor 10<sup>4</sup> to 10<sup>5</sup>) during the transfer of INP from the sea surface to the atmosphere. <br>We present indications for a local, marine source of INP from a case study looking at the period when atmospheric INP concentrations were highest in the temperature range above -15°C. These findings highlight the need for future studies to assess especially the production mechanisms and source strength for Arctic INP.</p><p><em>We gratefully acknowledge the funding by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) – Projektnummer 268020496 – TRR 172, within the Transregional Collaborative Research Center “ArctiC Amplification: Climate Relevant Atmospheric and SurfaCe Processes, and Feedback Mechanisms (AC)<sup>3</sup></em></p>

scholarly journals PCBs and PAHs in sea-surface microlayer and sub-surface water samples of the Venice Lagoon (Italy)

2006 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Manodori ◽  
A. Gambaro ◽  
R. Piazza ◽  
S. Ferrari ◽  
A.M. Stortini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Venice Lagoon ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Surface Microlayer ◽  
Sea Surface Microlayer ◽  
Surface Water Samples

Response : CLOD Spreading in the Sea-Surface Microlayer

Science ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 270 (5238) ◽  
pp. 897-898
Author(s):  
Mark M. Littler ◽  
Diane S. Littler
Keyword(s):  
Sea Surface ◽  
Surface Microlayer ◽  
Sea Surface Microlayer

CLOD Spreading in the Sea-Surface Microlayer

Science ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 270 (5238) ◽  
pp. 897-897
Author(s):  
M. S. Hale ◽  
J. G. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Sea Surface ◽  
Surface Microlayer ◽  
Sea Surface Microlayer

scholarly journals New insights into aerosol and climate in the Arctic

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan P. D. Abbatt ◽  
W. Richard Leaitch ◽  
Amir A. Aliabadi ◽  
Alan K. Bertram ◽  
Jean-Pierre Blanchet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Mineral Dust ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Long Range Transport ◽  
Surface Microlayer ◽  
Biogeochemical Models ◽  
Sea Surface Microlayer ◽  
Range Transport ◽  
Warming World

Abstract. Motivated by the need to predict how the Arctic atmosphere will change in a warming world, this article summarizes recent advances made by the research consortium NETCARE (Network on Climate and Aerosols: Addressing Key Uncertainties in Remote Canadian Environments) that contribute to our fundamental understanding of Arctic aerosol particles as they relate to climate forcing. The overall goal of NETCARE research has been to use an interdisciplinary approach encompassing extensive field observations and a range of chemical transport, earth system, and biogeochemical models. Several major findings and advances have emerged from NETCARE since its formation in 2013 . (1) Unexpectedly high summertime dimethyl sulfide (DMS) levels were identified in ocean water and the overlying atmosphere in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA). Furthermore, melt ponds, which are widely prevalent, were identified as an important DMS source. (2) Evidence was found of widespread particle nucleation and growth in the marine boundary layer in the CAA in the summertime. DMS-oxidation-driven nucleation is facilitated by the presence of atmospheric ammonia arising from sea bird colony emissions, and potentially also from coastal regions, tundra, and biomass burning. Via accumulation of secondary organic material (SOA), a significant fraction of the new particles grow to sizes that are active in cloud droplet formation. Although the gaseous precursors to Arctic marine SOA remain poorly defined, the measured levels of common continental SOA precursors (isoprene and monoterpenes) were low, whereas elevated mixing ratios of oxygenated volatile organic compounds were inferred to arise via processes involving the sea surface microlayer. (3) The variability in the vertical distribution of black carbon (BC) under both springtime Arctic haze and more pristine summertime aerosol conditions was observed. Measured particle size distributions and mixing states were used to constrain, for the first time, calculations of aerosol–climate interactions under Arctic conditions. Aircraft- and ground-based measurements were used to better establish the BC source regions that supply the Arctic via long-range transport mechanisms. (4) Measurements of ice nucleating particles (INPs) in the Arctic indicate that a major source of these particles is mineral dust, likely derived from local sources in the summer and long-range transport in the spring. In addition, INPs are abundant in the sea surface microlayer in the Arctic, and possibly play a role in ice nucleation in the atmosphere when mineral dust concentrations are low. (5) Amongst multiple aerosol components, BC was observed to have the smallest effective deposition velocities to high Arctic snow.

scholarly journals High-resolution observations on enrichment processes in the sea-surface microlayer

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Ili Hamizah Mustaffa ◽  
Thomas H. Badewien ◽  
Mariana Ribas-Ribas ◽  
Oliver Wurl
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Surface Microlayer ◽  
Sea Surface Microlayer

scholarly journals Formation and distribution of sea-surface microlayers

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 5719-5755 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Wurl ◽  
E. Wurl ◽  
L. Miller ◽  
K. Johnson ◽  
S. Vagle
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Primary Production ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Surface Microlayer ◽  
Average Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Average Wind ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Sea Surface Microlayer ◽  
Natural Surfactants

Abstract. Results from a study of surfactants in the sea-surface microlayer (SML) in different regions of the ocean (subtropical, temperate, polar) suggest that this interfacial layer between the ocean and atmosphere covers the ocean's surface to a significant extent. Threshold values at which primary production acts as a significant source of natural surfactants have been derived from the enrichment of surfactants in the SML relative to underlying water and local primary production. Similarly, we have also derived a wind speed threshold at which the SML is disrupted. The results suggest that surfactant enrichment in the SML is typically greater in oligotrophic regions of the ocean than in more productive waters. Furthermore, the enrichment of surfactants persisted at wind speeds of up to 10 m s−1 without any observed depletion above 5 m s−1. This suggests that the SML is stable enough to exist even at the global average wind speed of 6.6 m s−1. Global maps of primary production and wind speed are used to estimate the ocean's SML coverage. The maps indicate that wide regions of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans between 30° N and 30° S are more significantly affected by the SML than northern of 30° N and southern of 30° S due to higher productivity (spring/summer blooms) and wind speeds exceeding 12 m s−1 respectively.

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