Temporal and morphological differences in post-embryonic differentiation of the mushroom bodies in the brain of workers, queens, and drones of Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera, Apidae)

Micron ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 1171-1178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thaisa Cristina Roat ◽  
Carminda da Cruz Landim
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Mushroom Bodies ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Fine structure of mushroom bodies and the brain in Sthenelais boa (Phyllodocida, Annelida)

Zoomorphology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Beckers ◽  
Carla Pein ◽  
Thomas Bartolomaeus
Keyword(s):  
Mushroom Body ◽  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Synaptic Activity ◽  
Mushroom Bodies ◽  
Glia Cells ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Body Design ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
The Brain

AbstractMushroom bodies are known from annelids and arthropods and were formerly assumed to argue for a close relationship of these two taxa. Since molecular phylogenies univocally show that both taxa belong to two different clades in the bilaterian tree, similarity must either result from convergent evolution or from transformation of an ancestral mushroom body. Any morphological differences in the ultrastructure and composition of mushroom bodies could thus indicate convergent evolution that results from similar functional constraints. We here study the ultrastructure of the mushroom bodies, the glomerular neuropil, glia-cells and the general anatomy of the nervous system in Sthenelais boa. The neuropil of the mushroom bodies is composed of densely packed, small diameter neurites that lack individual or clusterwise glia enwrapping. Neurites of other regions of the brain are much more prominent, are enwrapped by glia-cell processes and thus can be discriminated from the neuropil of the mushroom bodies. The same applies to the respective neuronal somata. The glomerular neuropil of insects and annelids is a region of higher synaptic activity that result in a spheroid appearance of these structures. However, while these structures are sharply delimited from the surrounding neuropil of the brain by glia enwrapping in insects, this is not the case in Sthenelais boa. Although superficially similar, there are anatomical differences in the arrangement of glia-cells in the mushroom bodies and the glomerular neuropil between insects and annelids. Hence, we suppose that the observed differences rather evolved convergently to solve similar functional constrains than by transforming an ancestral mushroom body design.

scholarly journals Experience, but not age, is associated with volumetric mushroom body expansion in solitary alkali bees

2021 ◽  
pp. jeb.238899
Author(s):  
Mallory A. Hagadorn ◽  
Makenna M. Johnson ◽  
Adam R. Smith ◽  
Marc A. Seid ◽  
Karen M. Kapheim
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Evolutionary Relationship ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Mushroom Bodies ◽  
Order Processing ◽  
Social Species ◽  
Evolution Of Sociality ◽  
Foraging Experience ◽  
Brain Changes ◽  
The Brain

In social insects, changes in behavior are often accompanied by structural changes in the brain. This neuroplasticity may come with experience (experience-dependent) or age (experience-expectant). Yet, the evolutionary relationship between neuroplasticity and sociality is unclear, because we know little about neuroplasticity in the solitary relatives of social species. We used confocal microscopy to measure brain changes in response to age and experience in a solitary halictid bee (Nomia melanderi). First, we compared the volume of individual brain regions among newly-emerged females, laboratory females deprived of reproductive and foraging experience, and free-flying, nesting females. Experience, but not age, led to significant expansion of the mushroom bodies—higher-order processing centers associated with learning and memory. Next, we investigated how social experience influences neuroplasticity by comparing the brains of females kept in the laboratory either alone or paired with another female. Paired females had significantly larger olfactory regions of the mushroom bodies. Together, these experimental results indicate that experience-dependent neuroplasticity is common to both solitary and social taxa, whereas experience-expectant neuroplasticity may be an adaptation to life in a social colony. Further, neuroplasticity in response to social chemical signals may have facilitated the evolution of sociality.

Differential diagnosis of parkinsonian degenerative disorders in combination manual measurements with automated volumetry of the brain

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiwei Zhang ◽  
Han Wang ◽  
Dan Xu ◽  
Bo Hou ◽  
Tianye Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Diagnostic Performance ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Relative Volume ◽  
Intracranial Volume ◽  
Degenerative Disorders ◽  
Automated Measurements ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background: To compare brain morphological differences in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), multiple system atrophy with the parkinsonian variant (MSA-P), Parkinson’s disease (PD) and controls by manual and automated measurements and to explore the feasibility of these measurements in disease differentiation.Methods: Ninety-five PSP patients (48 males, mean age 67.9 y), 32 MSA-P patients (18 males, mean age 63.0 y), 136 PD patients (72 males, mean age 66.6 y) and 100 controls (50 males, mean age 66 y) were included. The 12 manual measurements were acquired. Relative brain structural volumes adjusted according to the intracranial volume (ICV) of different brain regions werealsoquantified. Differences among and between groups were evaluated. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to assess diagnostic performance and define cutoff values of these measures.Results: P/M area 2.0displayed the highest diagnostic performance (AUC: 0.801) for distinguishing PSP from MSA-P or PD (sensitivity69.5%, specificity 82.1%). Furthermore, the combination of morphological features in manual parameters (P/M area 2.0, MRPI and M/P diameter) and volume atrophy in the midbrain improved the PSP discrimination (AUC: 0.870, sensitivity 76.8%, specificity 83.9%). The relative volume of the putamen can better differentiate MSA-P from PSP and PD (AUC: 0.844, sensitivity 81.3%, specificity 75.3%). Similarly, the ability to differentially diagnose MSA-P increased most significantly (AUC: 0.927, sensitivity 87.5%, specificity 87.9%) when combing volume atrophy in the putamen with the caudate and manual parameter (M/P diameter).Conclusion: Manual and automated MR variables can reveal atrophy features of the brain and be helpful in the differential diagnosis.

The effect of reserpine upon experimental coxsackievirus B-3 infection in mice

1972 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 577-582
Author(s):  
E. I. Grodums
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Reserpine Treatment ◽  
Recovered Virus ◽  
Coxsackievirus B ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
The Brain

Coxsackievirus (cox.) B-3 pathogenicity was markedly augmented in weanling and adult mice during a reserpine treatment. In both age groups the mortality rose to 100% after the 1st week of inoculation.In the olfactory bulb of the reserpine-treated weanling mice the score of viral lesions was 80% compared to 2% in the non-treated. In the heart of the reserpine-treated infected mice it was 62%, while it was 40% without reserpine. In the adult mice the viral tissue damage was aggravated in the interscapular brown adipose pad and the olfactory bulb. Moreover, the viral lesions in the reserpine-treated mice in both age groups showed some striking morphological differences when compared with mice injected with the virus only.The recovered virus yielded higher titers in the reserpine-treated mice in both age groups. In the adult reserpine-treated mice the LD50 of the cox. B-3 recovered from the brain and heart were as high as in the weanlings.

scholarly journals Expression of the dopamine transporter in the brain of the honeybee, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shogo Nomura ◽  
Jun-ichi Takahashi ◽  
Tetsuhiko Sasaki ◽  
Tadaharu Yoshida ◽  
Masami Sasaki
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Dopamine Transporter ◽  
The Brain
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