Anatomical and gene expression mapping of the ventral pallium in a three-dimensional model of developing human brain

Three-dimensional models of skin and epidermis imitate the structure of real tissues and provide accurate information about certain skin conditions, such as psoriasis. A three-dimensional model of mouse epidermis was generated from the epidermal keratinocytes of newborn mice and treated with cytokines. The aim of this study was to evaluate this model as an experimental model of psoriasis and to assess the changes occurring in its structure and gene expression after the exposure to proinflammatory cytokines. Treatment of the three-dimensional model with either interleukin 17 or a combination of tumor necrosis factor and interferon was shown to produce morphological changes, which were similar to acanthosis in psoriatic skin. The observed changes in gene expression of metalloproteinases and certain psoriasis biomarkers, such as mki67, krt16 and fosl1, were similar to the changes in patients skin. Notably, changes caused by interleukin 17 were less evident than those caused by the combination of interferon and tumor necrosis factor. On the contrary, HaCaT cells exhibited no significant changes in the expression of fosl1 and had decreased levels of mki67 after being treated with a combination of TNF and IFNG. Moreover, treatment with IL17 had no significant effect on krt16 and mki67 expression and even reduced the fosl1 levels. The findings suggest that artificially generated three-dimensional models of murine skin can be used to study psoriasis.

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Transthyretin gene expression in choroid plexus first evolved in reptiles

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.1993.265.5.r982 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 265 (5) ◽

pp. R982-R989 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

M. G. Achen ◽

W. Duan ◽

T. M. Pettersson ◽

P. J. Harms ◽

S. J. Richardson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Amino Acids ◽

Choroid Plexus ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Central Channel ◽

Dimensional Model ◽

Three Dimensional Model ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

The Brain

The presence of transthyretin in mammals and birds, but not amphibia, suggested that transthyretin expression first appeared in stem reptiles. Therefore, transthyretin synthesis was studied in a lizard. Transthyretin synthesis in choroid plexus pieces from Tiliqua rugosa was demonstrated by incorporation of radiactive amino acids. Oligonucleotides corresponding to conserved regions of transthyretin were used as primers in polymerase chain reaction with lizard choroid plexus cDNA. Amplified DNA was used to screen a lizard choroid plexus cDNA library. A full-length transthyretin cDNA clone was isolated and sequenced. A three-dimensional model of lizard transthyretin was obtained by homology modeling. The central channel of transthyretin, containing the thyroxine-binding site, was found to be completely conserved between reptiles and mammals. Transthyretin expression was not detected in lizard liver. These data suggest that transthyretin first evolved in the choroid plexus of the brain. Due to a change in tissue distribution of gene expression, occurring much later during evolution, transthyretin also became a plasma protein, synthesized in the liver.

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