Comparison of wind and wave climate in open sea and coastal waters

2018 ◽  
Vol 170 ◽  
pp. 199-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elzbieta M. Bitner-Gregersen
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Wave Climate ◽  
Open Sea

Wind and Wave Climate in Open Sea and Coastal Waters

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elzbieta M. Bitner-Gregersen
Keyword(s):  
Wave Height ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Significant Wave Height ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Wave Climate ◽  
Peak Period ◽  
Significant Wave ◽  
The North ◽  
Open Sea ◽  
Adverse Weather

Wind and wave climate is much region and location dependent, affected by local properties of ocean environment. For safety of world-wide sailing ships knowledge about wind and wave climate is important, not only for open sea, but also in coastal areas. Wind and waves impact ship design, marine operations and they challenge ability of ships to maintain manoeuvrability in sea states. Their description differs in open sea and coastal waters, and recently it has got an attention due to the issue of the 2013 Interim Guidelines by IMO where adverse weather conditions to be used in assessment of ship manoeuvrability have been proposed. The present study shows differences between open sea and coastal water wind and wave climate using hindcast data in the analysis. The description of open sea metocean conditions is limited to the North Atlantic while European waters are used as representative for coastal regions. Correlations between wind speed and significant wave height as well as significant wave height and spectral peak period are established and compare with the ones suggested by the 2013 Interim Guidelines. Challenges in providing metocean description for assessment of ship manoeuvrability and uncertainties related to it are discussed.

WAVE CLIMATE OF THE BLACK SEA’S COASTAL WATERS DURING THE LAST THREE DECADES

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fedor Gippius ◽  
Fedor Gippius ◽  
Stanislav Myslenkov ◽  
Stanislav Myslenkov ◽  
Elena Stoliarova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Wind Wave ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Wave Model ◽  
Wave Climate ◽  
Computational Grid ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Wave Parameters

This study is focused on the alterations and typical features of the wind wave climate of the Black Sea’s coastal waters since 1979 till nowadays. Wind wave parameters were calculated by means of the 3rd-generation numerical spectral wind wave model SWAN, which is widely used on various spatial scales – both coastal waters and open seas. Data on wind speed and direction from the NCEP CFSR reanalysis were used as forcing. The computations were performed on an unstructured computational grid with cell size depending on the distance from the shoreline. Modeling results were applied to evaluate the main characteristics of the wind wave in various coastal areas of the sea.

An Efficient Tool for Wave Climate Analysis in European Coastal Waters

2002 ◽  
Vol 23 (s1) ◽  
pp. 361-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Sclavo ◽  
Luigi Cavaleri ◽  
Stephen F. Barstow ◽  
Gerassimos A. Athanassoulis
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Wave Climate ◽  
Efficient Tool ◽  
Climate Analysis

WAVE CLIMATE OF THE BLACK SEA’S COASTAL WATERS DURING THE LAST THREE DECADES

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fedor Gippius ◽  
Fedor Gippius ◽  
Stanislav Myslenkov ◽  
Stanislav Myslenkov ◽  
Elena Stoliarova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Wind Wave ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Wave Model ◽  
Wave Climate ◽  
Computational Grid ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Wave Parameters

This study is focused on the alterations and typical features of the wind wave climate of the Black Sea’s coastal waters since 1979 till nowadays. Wind wave parameters were calculated by means of the 3rd-generation numerical spectral wind wave model SWAN, which is widely used on various spatial scales – both coastal waters and open seas. Data on wind speed and direction from the NCEP CFSR reanalysis were used as forcing. The computations were performed on an unstructured computational grid with cell size depending on the distance from the shoreline. Modeling results were applied to evaluate the main characteristics of the wind wave in various coastal areas of the sea.

scholarly journals Intrusion of coastal waters into the pelagic eastern Mediterranean: in situ and satellite-based characterization

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 3349-3357 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Efrati ◽  
Y. Lehahn ◽  
E. Rahav ◽  
N. Kress ◽  
B. Herut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Propagation Speed ◽  
Surface Currents ◽  
Sampling Strategies ◽  
Open Sea ◽  
Levantine Basin ◽  
Transport Barriers

Abstract. A combined dataset of near-real-time multi-satellite observations and in situ measurements from a high-resolution survey is used for characterizing physical-biogeochemical properties of a patch stretching from the coast to the open sea in the Levantine Basin (LB) of the eastern Mediterranean (EM). Spatial analysis of the combined dataset indicates that the patch is a semi-enclosed system, bounded within the mixed layer and separated from ambient waters by transport barriers induced by horizontal stirring. As such, the patch is characterized by physical-biogeochemical properties that significantly differ from those of the waters surrounding it, with lower salinity and higher temperatures, concentrations of silicic acid and chlorophyll a, and abundance of Synechococcus and picoeukaryote cells. Based on estimates of patch dimensions (∼40 km width and ∼25 m depth) and propagation speed (∼0.09 m s−1), the volume flux associated with the patch is found to be on the order of 0.1 Sv. Our observations suggest that horizontal stirring by surface currents is likely to have an important impact on the ultra-oligotrophic Levantine Basin ecosystem, through (1) transport of nutrients and coastally derived material, and (2) formation of local, dynamically isolated niches. In addition, this work provides a satellite-based framework for planning and executing high-resolution sampling strategies in the interface between the coast and the open sea.

Microbial Modification Of Crude Oil In The Sea

1969 ◽  
Vol 1969 (1) ◽  
pp. 317-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.E. ZoBell
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Bacterial Population ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Crude Oils ◽  
Oil Oxidation ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Microbial Oxidation ◽  
Open Sea

Abstract Virtually all kinds of hydrocarbons and crude oils from many fields are susceptible to microbial oxidation. More than a hundred species of bacteria, yeasts, and fungi are able to oxidize hydrocarbons. Each species is limited in the kinds of hydrocarbons it can attack. Each species is also limited by the temperature, salinity, surface tension, pH, oxygen tension, and other environmental conditions at which it is biochemically active. Environmental conditions also affect the rate of microbial reporduction and oil oxidation. Enrichment cultures, consisting of several different species growing under optimal conditions, tend to convert crude oils and refinery products mainly to carbon dioxide and microbial biomass. From 10 to 90 per cent of the carbon may be converted into microbial biomass. Oil-oxidizing bacteria are most abundant in coastal waters and mud where oil pollution is chronic. Such bacteria are extremely scarce in the open sea. In unpolluted waters the ratio of oil oxidizers to the total bacterial population in marine environments ranges from 1:100 to 1:10,000. In chronically oil-polluted coastal areas from 5 to 50 per cent of the bacteria may be able to oxidize one or more kinds of hydrocarbons. In such areas, bacteria in well-oxygenated waters might oxidize oil at rates ranging from 0.02 to 2 grams per square meter per day at 20° to 30° C.

Feeding, predation and aggregation behaviour in a marine insect, Halobates robustus Barber (Hemiptera: Gerridae), in the Galapagos Islands

1980 ◽  
Vol 209 (1177) ◽  
pp. 539-553 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Tidal Flow ◽  
High Water ◽  
Avoidance Behaviour ◽  
Insect Prey ◽  
Galapagos Archipelago ◽  
Hunting Behaviour ◽  
Aggregation Behaviour ◽  
Open Sea ◽  
Marine Insect

The flightless marine insect Halobates robustus Barber (Hemiptera : Gerridae) occurs on the surface of the coastal waters of the Galapagos archipelago, frequently aggregated close to mangrove and lava edges. Its food consists almost exclusively of dead insect prey floating on the sea. Feeding is carried out by solitary individuals which leave the non-feeding flotillas and adopt a characteristic hunting behaviour. Hunting occurs largely at high water, which, together with a tendency to remain close to mangrove edges during tidal flow away from the shore, reduces the possibility of the insects being swept into the open sea. Predation by fish, birds and a reptile is reduced by extremely effective avoidance behaviour by the flotillas.

Founders of marine science in Britain: the work of the early Fellows of the Royal Society

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-50 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Trading Posts ◽  
Open Sea ◽  
High Degree ◽  
John Evelyn ◽  
British People

On 25 March 1663 John Evelyn recorded in his diary: ‘to our Society, where was an account of severall Experiments made lately at Sea by our President & other members a fortnight before’ (1). Why were the early Fellows of the Royal Society interested in the sea and what did they hope to discover? It was during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries that the importance of the sea to the British people was made clear. They became dependent on shipping both for defence and for economic development. W hen they established trading posts and colonies in distant lands all communications had to be made by sea and soon merchant ships were sailing regularly over oceans where only an occasional bold sailor had previously ventured to challenge the monopoly of other nations. At the same time British explorers were searching for new routes and fresh opportunities for trade. These developments stimulated interest in subjects connected with shipping. At the beginning of the seventeenth century navigation was being studied by many British mathematicians though satisfactory ways of determining longitude were not perfected until the eighteenth century (2). The continued difficulty of fixing a ship’s position in the open sea made precise observations difficult but sailors learned to take advantage of the prevailing winds and currents. They had reached a high degree of proficiency in navigating coastal waters and this knowledge was gradually extended to new lands. In 1612 Henry, Prince of Wales, commanded Sir Thomas Button to record during his exploration

scholarly journals Intrusion of coastal waters into the pelagic Eastern Mediterranean: in situ and satellite-based characterization

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 17975-17997
Author(s):  
S. Efrati ◽  
Y. Lehahn ◽  
E. Rahav ◽  
N. Kress ◽  
B. Herut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Propagation Speed ◽  
Surface Currents ◽  
Sampling Strategies ◽  
Open Sea ◽  
Levantine Basin ◽  
Transport Barriers

Abstract. A combined dataset of near real time multi-satellite observations and in situ measurements from a high-resolution survey, is used for characterizing physical-biogeochemical properties of a patch stretching from the coast to the open sea in the Levantine basin of the Eastern Mediterranean. Spatial analysis of the combined dataset indicates that the patch is a semi-enclosed system, bounded within the mixed layer and separated from ambient waters by transport barriers induced by horizontal stirring. As such, the patch is characterized by physical-biogeochemical properties that significantly differ from those of the waters surrounding it, with lower salinity, higher temperatures, higher concentrations of silicic acid and chlorophyll a, and higher abundance of Synechococcus and Picoeukaryotes cells. Based on estimates of patch dimensions (~ 40 km width and ~ 25 m depth) and propagation speed (~ 0.09 m s−1), the volume flux associated with the patch is found to be in the order of 0.1 Sv. Our observations suggest that horizontal stirring by surface currents is likely to have an important impact on the ultra-oligotrophic Levantine basin ecosystem, through (1) transport of nutrients and coastal derived material, and (2) formation of local, dynamically isolated, niches. In addition, this work provides a satellite-based framework for planning and executing high resolution sampling strategies in the interface between coast and the open sea.

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