A comparison of sea waves in open sea and coastal waters

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Norland ◽  
A.-E. Loberg
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Sea Waves ◽  
Open Sea

Wind speed data analysis for predictions of sea waves in Bitung Coastal Waters

2013 ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanes E Koagouw ◽  
Gybert E Mamuaya ◽  
Adrie A Tarumingkeng ◽  
P A Angmalisang
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Marine Resources ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Sea Waves ◽  
North West ◽  
North Sulawesi ◽  
The Waves

Coastal area of Bitung Municipality is one of the economical activities centers in North Sulawesi Province such as for land-uses and the exploitation of natural resources. Those activities are exaggerating day bay day and tended to be uncontrollable. The excess of those conditions, it has been recorded the change of waves in Bitung waters that has impacts to coastal areas and can affect the utilization of coastal and marine resources. This research was aimed to observe waves altitude variations in Bitung waters with Svedrup Munk and Bretchsneider (SMB) method that had been used to predict waves altitudes. The results showed that the wind speed during West Season was 0.33 m and were dominant to the East, while during East season was 0.91m from South-East to North-West, and then on transition period (March to May) was 1.08m from South-East to East. The results of those wind speed to the waves altitudes in Bitung waters is discussed in this paper© Pesisir pantai Kota Bitung merupakan salah satu pusat aktivitas ekonomi (misalnya pemanfaatan lahan dan eksploitasi sumberdaya) di Provinsi Sulawesi Utara. Aktivitas tersebut semakin hari semakin meningkat dan memiliki kecenderungan tidak terkontrol. Akibat dari keadaan tersebut, telah terjadi perubahan fenomena gelombang di perairan Bitung yang berdampak pada keberadaan daerah pesisir pantai di mana hal ini dapat mengganggu aktivitas pemanfaatan sumberdaya pesisir dan laut tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui variasi tinggi gelombang di perairan Bitung dengan menggunakan metode Svedrup Munk and Bretchsneider (SMB) yang biasa digunakan untuk peramalan tinggi gelombang signifikan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kecepatan angin pada Musim Barat sebesar 0,33 meter dan dominan ke arah Timur, sementara pada Musim Timur sebesar 0,91 meter dari arah Tenggara ke Barat Laut, serta pada Musim Peralihan (antara bulan Maret-Mei) adalah sebesar 1,08 meter dari arah Tenggara dan Timur. Pengaruh kecepatan angin tersebut terhadap gelombang laut di perairan Bitung dibahas dalam tulisan ini©

scholarly journals EXPERIENCE IN THE USE OF EVACUATION AND RESCUE CONTAINER DURING THE EXERCISES OF THE BALTIC FLEET

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-60
Author(s):  
N. A. Karpun ◽  
D. A. Seryy ◽  
D. A. Pityakov ◽  
A. V. Yurchenko ◽  
I. P. Kolesnikov
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Sea Waves ◽  
Medical Assistance ◽  
Rescue Service ◽  
Medical Specialists ◽  
Medical Evacuation ◽  
Open Sea ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
And Training

A large number of people need medical care at sea, not only in war but also in peacetime. In terms of peaceful navigation, despite the improved reliability of vessels and the advancement of navigation techniques, shipwrecks and damage of the equipment occur which lead to the need for marine medical specialists to be provided with medical assistance and evacuated to the places of medical assistance. One of the factors of the success of medical care is the speedy transfer of the wounded and sick from the ship to the means of medical evacuation. However, the open sea dictates its difcult conditions in which it is necessary to transfer the injured. Aggravating factors, such as severe weather conditions, sea waves, design features of ships, can significantly affect the timeliness of medical care. The experience gained during the actual and training rescue operations strongly shows that rescue of people at sea is an extremely difcult and demanding task, the success of which requires constant readiness of the forces and means of the search and rescue service, as well as personnel involved in rescue operations. The aim of the study was to assess the possibility of using an evacuation rescue container for the transfer of wounded, sick, injured, cargo from ship to ship in the open sea. The article presents the result of the use of the container evacuation and rescue in the open sea. Rules for the use of evacuation and transport container and typical difculties that may arise in the transfer of the wounded (patient) with the use of this container are described.

scholarly journals Intrusion of coastal waters into the pelagic eastern Mediterranean: in situ and satellite-based characterization

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 3349-3357 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Efrati ◽  
Y. Lehahn ◽  
E. Rahav ◽  
N. Kress ◽  
B. Herut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Propagation Speed ◽  
Surface Currents ◽  
Sampling Strategies ◽  
Open Sea ◽  
Levantine Basin ◽  
Transport Barriers

Abstract. A combined dataset of near-real-time multi-satellite observations and in situ measurements from a high-resolution survey is used for characterizing physical-biogeochemical properties of a patch stretching from the coast to the open sea in the Levantine Basin (LB) of the eastern Mediterranean (EM). Spatial analysis of the combined dataset indicates that the patch is a semi-enclosed system, bounded within the mixed layer and separated from ambient waters by transport barriers induced by horizontal stirring. As such, the patch is characterized by physical-biogeochemical properties that significantly differ from those of the waters surrounding it, with lower salinity and higher temperatures, concentrations of silicic acid and chlorophyll a, and abundance of Synechococcus and picoeukaryote cells. Based on estimates of patch dimensions (∼40 km width and ∼25 m depth) and propagation speed (∼0.09 m s−1), the volume flux associated with the patch is found to be on the order of 0.1 Sv. Our observations suggest that horizontal stirring by surface currents is likely to have an important impact on the ultra-oligotrophic Levantine Basin ecosystem, through (1) transport of nutrients and coastally derived material, and (2) formation of local, dynamically isolated niches. In addition, this work provides a satellite-based framework for planning and executing high-resolution sampling strategies in the interface between the coast and the open sea.

Microbial Modification Of Crude Oil In The Sea

1969 ◽  
Vol 1969 (1) ◽  
pp. 317-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.E. ZoBell
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Bacterial Population ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Crude Oils ◽  
Oil Oxidation ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Microbial Oxidation ◽  
Open Sea

Abstract Virtually all kinds of hydrocarbons and crude oils from many fields are susceptible to microbial oxidation. More than a hundred species of bacteria, yeasts, and fungi are able to oxidize hydrocarbons. Each species is limited in the kinds of hydrocarbons it can attack. Each species is also limited by the temperature, salinity, surface tension, pH, oxygen tension, and other environmental conditions at which it is biochemically active. Environmental conditions also affect the rate of microbial reporduction and oil oxidation. Enrichment cultures, consisting of several different species growing under optimal conditions, tend to convert crude oils and refinery products mainly to carbon dioxide and microbial biomass. From 10 to 90 per cent of the carbon may be converted into microbial biomass. Oil-oxidizing bacteria are most abundant in coastal waters and mud where oil pollution is chronic. Such bacteria are extremely scarce in the open sea. In unpolluted waters the ratio of oil oxidizers to the total bacterial population in marine environments ranges from 1:100 to 1:10,000. In chronically oil-polluted coastal areas from 5 to 50 per cent of the bacteria may be able to oxidize one or more kinds of hydrocarbons. In such areas, bacteria in well-oxygenated waters might oxidize oil at rates ranging from 0.02 to 2 grams per square meter per day at 20° to 30° C.

Feeding, predation and aggregation behaviour in a marine insect, Halobates robustus Barber (Hemiptera: Gerridae), in the Galapagos Islands

1980 ◽  
Vol 209 (1177) ◽  
pp. 539-553 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Tidal Flow ◽  
High Water ◽  
Avoidance Behaviour ◽  
Insect Prey ◽  
Galapagos Archipelago ◽  
Hunting Behaviour ◽  
Aggregation Behaviour ◽  
Open Sea ◽  
Marine Insect

The flightless marine insect Halobates robustus Barber (Hemiptera : Gerridae) occurs on the surface of the coastal waters of the Galapagos archipelago, frequently aggregated close to mangrove and lava edges. Its food consists almost exclusively of dead insect prey floating on the sea. Feeding is carried out by solitary individuals which leave the non-feeding flotillas and adopt a characteristic hunting behaviour. Hunting occurs largely at high water, which, together with a tendency to remain close to mangrove edges during tidal flow away from the shore, reduces the possibility of the insects being swept into the open sea. Predation by fish, birds and a reptile is reduced by extremely effective avoidance behaviour by the flotillas.

Founders of marine science in Britain: the work of the early Fellows of the Royal Society

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-50 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Trading Posts ◽  
Open Sea ◽  
High Degree ◽  
John Evelyn ◽  
British People

On 25 March 1663 John Evelyn recorded in his diary: ‘to our Society, where was an account of severall Experiments made lately at Sea by our President & other members a fortnight before’ (1). Why were the early Fellows of the Royal Society interested in the sea and what did they hope to discover? It was during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries that the importance of the sea to the British people was made clear. They became dependent on shipping both for defence and for economic development. W hen they established trading posts and colonies in distant lands all communications had to be made by sea and soon merchant ships were sailing regularly over oceans where only an occasional bold sailor had previously ventured to challenge the monopoly of other nations. At the same time British explorers were searching for new routes and fresh opportunities for trade. These developments stimulated interest in subjects connected with shipping. At the beginning of the seventeenth century navigation was being studied by many British mathematicians though satisfactory ways of determining longitude were not perfected until the eighteenth century (2). The continued difficulty of fixing a ship’s position in the open sea made precise observations difficult but sailors learned to take advantage of the prevailing winds and currents. They had reached a high degree of proficiency in navigating coastal waters and this knowledge was gradually extended to new lands. In 1612 Henry, Prince of Wales, commanded Sir Thomas Button to record during his exploration

scholarly journals Intrusion of coastal waters into the pelagic Eastern Mediterranean: in situ and satellite-based characterization

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 17975-17997
Author(s):  
S. Efrati ◽  
Y. Lehahn ◽  
E. Rahav ◽  
N. Kress ◽  
B. Herut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Propagation Speed ◽  
Surface Currents ◽  
Sampling Strategies ◽  
Open Sea ◽  
Levantine Basin ◽  
Transport Barriers

Abstract. A combined dataset of near real time multi-satellite observations and in situ measurements from a high-resolution survey, is used for characterizing physical-biogeochemical properties of a patch stretching from the coast to the open sea in the Levantine basin of the Eastern Mediterranean. Spatial analysis of the combined dataset indicates that the patch is a semi-enclosed system, bounded within the mixed layer and separated from ambient waters by transport barriers induced by horizontal stirring. As such, the patch is characterized by physical-biogeochemical properties that significantly differ from those of the waters surrounding it, with lower salinity, higher temperatures, higher concentrations of silicic acid and chlorophyll a, and higher abundance of Synechococcus and Picoeukaryotes cells. Based on estimates of patch dimensions (~ 40 km width and ~ 25 m depth) and propagation speed (~ 0.09 m s−1), the volume flux associated with the patch is found to be in the order of 0.1 Sv. Our observations suggest that horizontal stirring by surface currents is likely to have an important impact on the ultra-oligotrophic Levantine basin ecosystem, through (1) transport of nutrients and coastal derived material, and (2) formation of local, dynamically isolated, niches. In addition, this work provides a satellite-based framework for planning and executing high resolution sampling strategies in the interface between coast and the open sea.

scholarly journals Distribution Patterns of Floating Microplastics in Open and Coastal Waters of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea (Ionian, Aegean, and Levantine Seas)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Argyro Adamopoulou ◽  
Christina Zeri ◽  
Francesca Garaventa ◽  
Chiara Gambardella ◽  
Christos Ioakeimidis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Spectroscopic Analysis ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Surface Circulation ◽  
Open Sea

Microplastic pollution is a pervasive anthropogenic phenomenon at the ocean surface. Numerous studies have been performed worldwide; nevertheless, the distribution patterns, morphological properties, and sources of origin in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea are still poorly explored. The purpose of this study is to investigate the distribution patterns of surface floating microplastics (MPs) in the Ionian, Aegean, and Levantine Seas in relation to their sources and sea surface circulation. In total, eighty-four samples were collected using manta nets from 2014 to 2020, covering open waters, coastal waters, and enclosed gulfs (Corfu and Saronikos). MPs concentration measurements revealed high variability ranging from 0.012 to 1.62 items m–2 and did not present maximum concentrations close to MPs hotspot areas. The presence of sea surface slicks, as recorded visually during our samplings, seems to play a key role on the distribution pattern of MPs, and highest concentrations were recorded in samples affected by these formations. The dominant MPs shape type identified were fragments (50–60%), whilst filaments (1–23%), films (3–26%), and foams (0–34%) varied among the studied areas. The majority of MPs in open waters had sizes ≤2 mm peaking between 0.6 and 1.4 mm. Spectroscopic analysis of MPs revealed the presence of 11 polymer types in both open sea and gulfs; the most abundant type was polyethylene (PE), followed by polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS). The relative abundance of polymer types was more diverse in Saronikos Gulf, compared to the open sea due to the proximity to major urban and industrial sources. Our findings suggest that the vicinity to coastal population centers determined the properties, size and polymer types of MPs and highlight that MPs concentrations are affected significantly by local oceanographic conditions, such as surface slicks.

Phytoplankton dynamics and Red Tides (1987-1997) in the Bulgarian Black Sea

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 27-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Violeta Velikova ◽  
Snejana Moncheva ◽  
Daniela Petrova
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Algal Biomass ◽  
Phytoplankton Community ◽  
Red Tides ◽  
Phytoplankton Dynamics ◽  
Phytoplankton Blooms ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Open Sea

Time series of phytoplankton density, biomass and species composition in the Bulgarian Black Sea (specifically Varna Bay) are analysed. The main patterns of year-to-year fluctuations in the phytoplankton community controlled by natural and man-induced factors are discussed. Many indications lead to the conclusion that phytoplankton blooms have not become less frequent in comparison with the period of progressive eutrophication (1975-85), and there is a trend towards an increase in the number of blooming species involved. The community maintains the capacity to produce a lot of biomass. Areas of high productivity occur mainly in coastal waters. In open sea areas the level of algal biomass is higher than in the 80s. Irrespective of low silicate concentrations, in general the 90s are the period of diatom predomination.

Comparison of wind and wave climate in open sea and coastal waters

2018 ◽  
Vol 170 ◽  
pp. 199-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elzbieta M. Bitner-Gregersen
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Wave Climate ◽  
Open Sea
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