1. Risk Reduction Strategies of Urban Adolescent Girls Participating in a Community Based HIV Prevention RCT

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Diane Morrison-Beedy
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Prevention ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Urban Adolescent ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Urban Adolescent Girls ◽  
Risk Reduction Strategies

Linking Risk Reduction and Community Resilience

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyunjung Ji
Keyword(s):  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Policy Design ◽  
Community Resilience ◽  
Risk Governance ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Hazard Exposure ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Risk Reduction Measures ◽  
Adaptive Resilience ◽  
Risk Reduction Strategies

Risk reduction is a policy priority in governments at all levels. Building community resilience is one of the keys to reducing disaster risks. Resilience-focused risk reduction considers the wider social, political, and cultural environments of a community and emphasizes the importance of working with community members. This is in stark contrast to the previous vulnerability-focused risk management that treats disasters as unavoidable natural events and recognizes people as passive or helpless under the unavoidable disasters. Community resilience is a critical concept in identifying visions and directions for risk reduction strategies. Community resilience has two major qualities: inherent community conditions (inherent resilience) and the community’s adaptive capacity (adaptive resilience). There are at least four components that should be included in risk reduction strategies to enhance both inherent and adaptive community resilience: risk governance, community-based risk reduction policies, non-governmental disaster entrepreneurs, and people-centered risk reduction measures. Risk governance is required to bridge the gap between national policies and local practices, scientific knowledge of natural hazards and locally accumulated knowledge, and national assistance and local actions. Community-based risk reduction policies should complement national disaster policies to reflect locally specific patterns of hazard, exposure, and resilience that are otherwise ignored in policy design process at the international and national levels. Risk reduction strategies should also encourage emergence of non-governmental entrepreneurs who can contribute to the speed and success of community relief and recovery following a disaster by resolving the immediate needs of the affected communities and transitioning people toward autonomy and self-reliance. Finally, risk reduction strategies should include people-centered policy measures that are designed to change the awareness, attitudes, and behaviors of people so that they are more prepared when facing a disaster.

scholarly journals The role of prison-based interventions for hepatitis C virus (HCV) micro-elimination among people who inject drugs in Montréal, Canada

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnaud Godin ◽  
Nadine Kronfli ◽  
Joseph Cox ◽  
Michel Alary ◽  
Mathieu Maheu-Giroux
Keyword(s):  
Risk Reduction ◽  
People Who Inject Drugs ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Linkage To Care ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Hcv Transmission ◽  
Risk Reduction Measures ◽  
Risk Reduction Strategies

AbstractBackgroundIn Canada, hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission primarily occurs among people who inject drugs (PWID) and people with experience in the prison system bare a disproportionate HCV burden. These overlapping groups of individuals have been identified as a priority populations for HCV micro-elimination in Canada, a country currently not on track to achieve its elimination targets. Considering the missed opportunities to intervene in provincial prisons, this study aims to estimate the population-level impact of prison-based interventions and post-release risk reduction strategies on HCV transmission among PWID in high HCV-burdened Canadian city, Montréal.MethodsA dynamic HCV transmission model among PWID was developed and calibrated to community and prison bio-behavioural surveys in Montréal. The, the relative impact of prison-based testing and treatment or post-release linkage to care, alone or in combination with risk reduction strategies, was estimated from 2018 to 2030, and compared to counterfactual status quo scenario.ResultsTesting and linkage to care interventions implemented over 2018-30 could lead to the greatest declines in prevalence (23%; 95% Credible interval(CrI):17–31%), incidence (20%; 95%CrI: 10–28%), and prevent the most new chronic infections (8%; 95%CrI: 4–11%). Testing and treatment in prison could decrease prevalence, incidence, and fraction of prevented new chronic infections. Combining test and linkage to care with risk reduction measures could further its epidemiological impact, preventing 10% (95%CrI: 5–16%) of new chronic infections. When implemented concomitantly with community-based treatment scale-up, both prison-based interventions had synergistic effects, averting a higher fraction of new chronic infections.ConclusionOffering HCV testing and post-release linkage to care in provincial prisons, where incarcerations are frequent and sentences short, could change the course of the HCV epidemic in Montréal. Integration of post-release risk reduction measures and community-based treatment scale-up could also increase the impact of these interventions.

scholarly journals Hazards of Risk: Identifying Plausible Community Wildfire Disasters in Low-Frequency Fire Regimes

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 934
Author(s):  
Andy McEvoy ◽  
Becky K. Kerns ◽  
John B. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Fire Regimes ◽  
Cascade Range ◽  
Private Land ◽  
Wildfire Risk ◽  
Location Data ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Community Exposure ◽  
Risk Reduction Strategies

Optimized wildfire risk reduction strategies are generally not resilient in the event of unanticipated, or very rare events, presenting a hazard in risk assessments which otherwise rely on actuarial, mean-based statistics to characterize risk. This hazard of actuarial approaches to wildfire risk is perhaps particularly evident for infrequent fire regimes such as those in the temperate forests west of the Cascade Range crest in Oregon and Washington, USA (“Westside”), where fire return intervals often exceed 200 years but where fires can be extremely intense and devastating. In this study, we used wildfire simulations and building location data to evaluate community wildfire exposure and identify plausible disasters that are not based on typical mean-based statistical approaches. We compared the location and magnitude of simulated disasters to historical disasters (1984–2020) in order to characterize plausible surprises which could inform future wildfire risk reduction planning. Results indicate that nearly half of communities are vulnerable to a future disaster, that the magnitude of plausible disasters exceeds any recent historical events, and that ignitions on private land are most likely to result in very high community exposure. Our methods, in combination with more typical actuarial characterizations, provide a way to support investment in and communication with communities exposed to low-probability, high-consequence wildfires.

Prevention of Breast Cancer (Part II): Risk Reduction Strategies

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1070-1077 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Tria Tirona ◽  
Rajesh Sehgal ◽  
Oscar Ballester
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Risk Reduction Strategies ◽  
Prevention Of Breast Cancer

Impact of the New York State Prescription Drug Monitoring Program (IStop) on chronic pain management by primary care providers

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-54
Author(s):  
Josiah D. Strawser, MD ◽  
Lauren Block, MD, MPH
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Pain Management ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
New York State ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Primary Care Providers ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Risk Reduction Strategies

Objective: To explore the impact of the New York State Prescription Drug Monitoring Program (IStop) on the self-reported management of patients with chronic pain by primary care providers.Design: Mixed-methods study with survey collection and semistructured interviews.Setting: Multiple academic hospitals in New York.Participants: One hundred and thirty-six primary care providers (residents, fellows, attendings, and nurse practitioners) for survey collection, and eight primary care clinicians (residents, attending, and pharmacist) for interviews. Interventions: Introduction of IStop.Main outcome measure(s): Change in usage of four risk reduction strategies (pain contracts, urine tests, monthly visits, and co-management) as reported by primary care providers for patients with chronic pain.Results: After the introduction of IStop, 25 percent (32/128) of providers increased usage of monthly visits, 28 percent (36/128) of providers increased usage of pain management co-management with other healthcare providers, and 46 percent (60/129) of providers increased usage of at least one of four risk reduction strategies. Residents indicated much higher rates of change in risk reduction strategies due to IStop usage; increasing in the use of monthly visits (32 vs. 13 percent, p = 0.02) and co-management (36 vs. 13 percent, p = 0.01) occurred at a much higher rate in residents than attending physicians. Interview themes revealed an emphasis on finding opioid alternatives when possible, the need for frequent patient visits in effective pain management, and the importance of communication between the patient and provider to protect the relationship in chronic pain management.Conclusions: After the introduction of IStop, primary care providers have increased usage of risk reduction strategies in the care of chronic pain patients.

scholarly journals Evaluation of flood risk reduction strategies through combinations of interventions

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (S2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik C. Berchum ◽  
William Mobley ◽  
Sebastiaan N. Jonkman ◽  
Jos S. Timmermans ◽  
Jan H. Kwakkel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Flood Risk Reduction ◽  
Risk Reduction Strategies

scholarly journals Inadequate stakeholder management and its effect on a coherent sinkhole risk management strategy: The case of the Merafong Local Municipality, South Africa

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tshepo Moshodi ◽  
Christo Coetzee ◽  
Kristel Fourie
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Community Involvement ◽  
Stakeholder Management ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Community Stakeholders ◽  
Management Processes ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Local Municipality ◽  
Risk Reduction Strategies

The Merafong Local Municipality (MLM) has historically suffered financial and human losses because of the presence of dolomite and the consequent formation of sinkholes. There is a great need for the MLM to address the risk posed by sinkholes to ensure the continued safety of communities. However, as the risk is so pervasive, the MLM needs to coordinate their risk reduction strategies with a wide array of stakeholders in the municipality. Efficient stakeholder management is thus crucial if the sinkhole risk is to be addressed appropriately. This article reviews the current status of stakeholder management in the MLM as it pertains to the formulation of a holistic sinkhole risk reduction strategy. Findings indicate that there are serious deficiencies in the MLM’s stakeholder management relating to key risk management processes such as community involvement in risk management structures, disaster risk assessment, training and awareness, and early warning and response. Improved stakeholder management could be characterised by the following factors: improved two-way communication between the municipality and community stakeholders, fostering a relationship based upon trust and equality amongst stakeholders, participation by a wide array of stakeholder groups affected by the sinkhole risk and a mutual commitment by all stakeholders to address the risk. These factors could contribute to enhancing current and future sinkhole risk reduction strategies.

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