Avenues for the Primary Prevention of Breast Cancer in the Second Millennium

Breast cancer (BC) has recently surpassed lung canceras the most frequently diagnosed cancer worldwide,with an estimated 19.3 million new cases and almost 10 1 million deaths occurring in 2020. A steady ascension in BC incidence has been a remarkable feature in cancer epidemiology for almost a century, and has been reported in richer as well as poorer communities all over the world. This trend is no doubt associated with the ageing of the global population: “Each one-year increase of population ageing (is) associated with a nearly ½ year increase of age at BC diagnosis.

Beneficial Oxidative Stress-Related trans-Resveratrol Effects in the Treatment and Prevention of Breast Cancer

Resveratrol is one of the most investigated polyphenols for its multiple biological activities and many beneficial effects. These are mainly related to its ability to scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress. Resveratrol has also been shown to have the ability to stimulate the production of antioxidant enzymes, which interact with numerous signaling pathways involved in tumor development, and to possess side effects associated with the use of chemotherapy drugs. In this review article we summarized the main discoveries about the impact resveratrol can have in helping to prevent, as well as adjuvant treating, breast cancer. A brief overview of the primary sources of resveratrol as well as some approaches for improving its bioavailability have been also discussed.

Therapeutic potential of using probiotics in the treatment and prevention of breast câncer

Introduction: Probiotics are living microorganisms that when administered in appropriate amounts, provide several benefits such as prevention of infections, relief of allergic symptoms and lactose intolerance, control of serum cholesterol, blood pressure and gestational diabetes, reduction of gastrointestinal disorders, production of beneficial compounds such as vitamins, short chain fatty acids, and such microorganisms show evidence of actions against certain types of cancers. This study aimed to evaluate the evidence available in the literature on probiotics on breast cancer. Methods: It is an integrative review of the literature, through the PICO strategy, with the guiding question “Does probiotics consumption act on oxidative stress and reduces the risk of breast cancer”? The selection of articles was made on MEDLINE, SciELO and PubMed, including those published between 2016 and 2021, using the keywords: “breast cancer” AND “probiotics” AND “microbiota” their combinations in Portuguese and English, with with previously established inclusion criteria. Results and Discussion: The sample consisted of ten articles, and the answers found were: scientific research in vivo and in vitro, with some variations of probiotics strains, where all demonstrate actions and/or effects on cancer cells or acted on metabolic pathways mitigating the development of tumors. Conclusions: The manifested potential for a possible insertion in the treatment and prevention of breast cancer, being considered an innovation for the scientific community that still fights against various types of problems related to human health, especially some types of cancers, of negative prognoses and with difficult therapeutic interventions.

Surgical Prevention of Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema: Delayed Distal Lymphaticovenicular Anastomosis– An Alternative to the Classic LYMPHA Technique

Breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) is a devastating potential complication of axillary lymphadenectomy and radiotherapy. Several effective surgical treatment measures now exist, including lymphaticovenicular anastomosis (LVA), vascularized lymph node transplant (VLNT), and vascularized lymph vessel transplant (VLVT) for fluid-predominant disease, and liposuction and radical excision for solid-predominant disease. Super-microsurgical LVA is of particular interest, owing to its minimally invasive nature and highly favorable outcomes in the hands of experienced supermicrosurgeons. As LVA techniques are refined and improved, interest is rising in utilizing it to prevent the manifestation of disease in the first place. Lymphatic microsurgical preventive healing approach (LYMPHA), also known as immediate lymphatic reconstruction (ILR), is the most widely used approach. It involves performing axillary LVA immediately following axillary lymphadenectomy. While preliminary results are favorable, the high-pressure proximal axillary venous branches used in ILR and the site’s vulnerability to damage from radiotherapy endanger the long-term patency of these anastomoses. Moreover, a theoretical oncologic concern exists regarding creating a direct conduit for the remaining malignant cells in the axilla into the circulation. Finally, coordinating ILR with axillary lymphadenectomy creates significant logistical challenges. Delayed, distally-based LVA (DD-LVA) has emerged as an alternative method that avoids these issues. This article presents an overview of the development of preemptive lymphatic reconstruction, and the senior author’s approach to the novel technique of DD-LVA.

Multi-functions of Protaetia brevitarsis surensis (PBS, Larvae for Food) Reported in South Korea

Nowadays most people in advanced countries endangered under adult diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, inflammatory disease, human oxidation, and liver-related diseases. In South Korea also very serious situation for the adults and children by the changing from vegetable food to animal food and changed labor pattern from physical labor to mental labor. We aim to review Protaetia brevitarsis surensis (PBS)’s beneficial multi-functions on human with research reports and verification of well-known common sense in South Korea, which was commonly known as medicinally very effective in liver related diseases. PBS larvae known as cold body characteristics, so, it more effective to Yang-in(Oriental physical constitution classification method: Warm body which Jinseng, Panax ginseng, not available people) than Um-in(Cool body- Jinseng available people). The functional effects mostly known effective on liver related diseases mainly by oriental clinic and as folk remedies. However, nowadays PBS larvae’s folk remedies and other multi-functions scientifically researched and that results verified by many papers such as whitening of skin therapeutic effects, prevention of breast cancer, inflammatory disease, human oxidation, and liver-related diseases. For the increasing of medicinal effects, advanced fermentation and ethanol extraction methods will be very useful compared to non-fermentation of PBS larvae and water extraction. So, we concluded that PBS could diminish or decreasing the adult diseases and it will be very useful food and medicinal materials simultaneously for the human food and medicine by the advanced extraction methods.

A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STRUCTURED TEACHING PROGRAMME ON KNOWLEDGE REGARDING PREVENTION OF BREAST CANCER AMONG ADOLESCENT GIRLS IN SELECTED SCHOOLS

Breast cancer is the second commonest cancer in women in India next to cervical cancer. Worldwide 1.05 Million new cases of breast cancer have been reported in the year 2011.Incidence of breast cancer in urban women is 18-25/1lakh, rural women is 8.6/1lakh. Due to lack of awareness, orthodoxy even after knowledge of breast lump patient comes very late for treatment. According to Indian Council of Medical Research, there is a significant increase in the incidence of breast cancer in various urban and rural population based registers between 1982 to 2005.Globally, breast cancer is the most common female cancer accounting for an estimated 1.4 million cases each year, with more than 4 lakhs deaths occurring in low and middle income countries. In India 8000 new cases per year. Hence the investigator taken up of “A study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding prevention of breast cancer among adolescent girls in selected schools.” The discussion of the study is based on the OBJECTIVES 1). To assess the level of knowledge regarding prevention of breast cancer among adolescent girls. 2). To assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding prevention of breast cancer among adolescent girls.3). To associate the post-test level of knowledge regarding prevention of breast cancer with selected demographic variables among adolescent girls. The results shown that in pretest majority of the samples 30(50%) were having inadequate knowledge and 30(50%) were having moderate knowledge. In post-test majority 31 members (51%) were having moderate knowledge, 23 members (38%) were having adequate knowledge and 6 members (10%)are having inadequate knowledge. The pre-post-test knowledge mean were 10.9 and 19.21 respectively. The standard deviation was 4.43 and 2.65 respectively. The mean difference is 8.31. The calculated ‘t’ value is 3.64 is greater than tabulated value that is 2.00 and p valve < 0.05 shows that th