Small-scale spatial resolution of the soil phytolith record in a rainforest and a dry forest in Costa Rica: applications to the deep-time fossil phytolith record

AbstractAs the nonhydrostatic regional model of the Consortium for Small-Scale Modelling in Climate Mode (COSMO-CLM) is increasingly employed for studying the effects of urbanization on the environment, the authors extend its surface-layer parameterization by the Town Energy Budget (TEB) parameterization using the “tile approach” for a single urban class. The new implementation COSMO-CLM+TEB is used for a 1-yr reanalysis-driven simulation over Europe at a spatial resolution of 0.11° (~12 km) and over the area of Berlin at a spatial resolution of 0.025° (~2.8 km) for evaluating the new coupled model. The results on the coarse spatial resolution of 0.11° show that the standard and the new models provide 2-m temperature and daily precipitation fields that differ only slightly by from −0.1 to +0.2 K per season and ±0.1 mm day−1, respectively, with very similar statistical distributions. This indicates only a negligibly small effect of the urban parameterization on the model's climatology. Therefore, it is suggested that an urban parameterization may be omitted in model simulations on this scale. On the spatial resolution of 0.025° the model COSMO-CLM+TEB is able to better represent the magnitude of the urban heat island in Berlin than the standard model COSMO-CLM. This finding shows the importance of using the parameterization for urban land in the model simulations on fine spatial scales. It is also suggested that models could benefit from resolving multiple urban land use classes to better simulate the spatial variability of urban temperatures for large metropolitan areas on spatial scales below ~3 km.

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Property relations and the co-management of small-scale fisheries in Costa Rica: Lessons from Marine Areas for Responsible Fishing in the Gulf of Nicoya

Marine Policy ◽

10.1016/j.marpol.2016.08.011 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 73 ◽

pp. 196-203 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Alejandro J. García Lozano ◽

Joel T. Heinen

Keyword(s):

Costa Rica ◽

Small Scale ◽

Property Relations ◽

Small Scale Fisheries ◽

Marine Areas ◽

Gulf Of Nicoya

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Costa Rica: A Champion of the Small-Scale Fisheries Guidelines

MARE Publication Series - The Small-Scale Fisheries Guidelines ◽

10.1007/978-3-319-55074-9_17 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 355-378 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Gabriela Sabau

Keyword(s):

Costa Rica ◽

Small Scale ◽

Small Scale Fisheries

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21. THREATS TO THE CONSERVATION OF TROPICAL DRY FOREST IN COSTA RICA

Biodiversity Conservation in Costa Rica ◽

10.1525/9780520937772-022 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 266-280

Keyword(s):

Costa Rica ◽

Tropical Dry Forest ◽

Dry Forest

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A wide field-of-view imaging DOAS instrument for two-dimensional trace gas mapping from aircraft

Atmospheric Measurement Techniques ◽

10.5194/amt-8-5113-2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. 5113-5131 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

A. Schönhardt ◽

P. Altube ◽

K. Gerilowski ◽

S. Krautwurst ◽

J. Hartmann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Resolution ◽

Point Sources ◽

West Germany ◽

Field Of View ◽

Trace Gas ◽

Optical Absorption Spectroscopy ◽

Small Scale ◽

Wide Field ◽

Flight Altitude ◽

Good Imaging

Abstract. The Airborne imaging differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) instrument for Measurements of Atmospheric Pollution (AirMAP) has been developed for the purpose of trace gas measurements and pollution mapping. The instrument has been characterized and successfully operated from aircraft. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) columns were retrieved from the AirMAP observations. A major benefit of the push-broom imaging instrument is the spatially continuous, gap-free measurement sequence independent of flight altitude, a valuable characteristic for mapping purposes. This is made possible by the use of a charge coupled device (CCD) frame-transfer detector. A broad field of view across track of around 48° is achieved with wide-angle entrance optics. This leads to a swath width of about the same size as the flight altitude. The use of fibre coupled light intake optics with sorted light fibres allows flexible instrument positioning within the aircraft and retains the very good imaging capabilities. The measurements yield ground spatial resolutions below 100 m depending on flight altitude. The number of viewing directions is chosen from a maximum of 35 individual viewing directions (lines of sight, LOS) represented by 35 individual fibres. The selection is adapted to each situation by averaging according to signal-to-noise or spatial resolution requirements. Observations at 30 m spatial resolution are obtained when flying at 1000 m altitude and making use of all 35 viewing directions. This makes the instrument a suitable tool for mapping trace gas point sources and small-scale variability. The position and aircraft attitude are taken into account for accurate spatial mapping using the Attitude and Heading Reference System of the aircraft. A first demonstration mission using AirMAP was undertaken in June 2011. AirMAP was operated on the AWI Polar-5 aircraft in the framework of the AIRMETH-2011 campaign. During a flight above a medium-sized coal-fired power plant in north-west Germany, AirMAP clearly detected the emission plume downwind from the exhaust stack, with NO2 vertical columns around 2 × 1016 molecules cm−2 in the plume centre. NOx emissions estimated from the AirMAP observations are consistent with reports in the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register. Strong spatial gradients and variability in NO2 amounts across and along flight direction are observed, and small-scale enhancements of NO2 above a motorway are detected.

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Scales of sustain and decay: making music in deep time

Popular Music ◽

10.1017/s0261143019000588 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

pp. 108-120

Author(s):

Philipp Kohl

Keyword(s):

Musical Instrument ◽

Musical Instruments ◽

Radioactive Material ◽

Industrial Processes ◽

Small Scale ◽

Nuclear Decay ◽

Electric Guitar ◽

Deep Time ◽

Music Making ◽

The Relationship

AbstractThis article explores the relationship between the human time of music making and the temporal layers that pervade the natural resources of musical instruments. It therefore offers case studies on two of popular music's most common instruments, the electric guitar and the synthesiser, and their symbolic and material temporalities: guitar players’ quest for ‘infinite sustain’ from Santana to today's effects manufacturers and the ‘psychogeophysical’ approach by artist and theorist Martin Howse, who developed a synthesiser module using radioactive material in order to determine musical events by nuclear decay. While language uses metaphors of sustain and decay as figurative ways to express both musical and planetary dimensions, practices of music offer alternative ecologies of relating the seemingly unrelatable scales of deep time and musical time. If in the Anthropocene humankind becomes aware of its role as a geophysical force, thinking about making music in the Anthropocene requires an awareness for the temporalities involved in the materials at hand. Besides an ecological perspective, the article looks at various media (magazines, ads, and manuals) and thus positions economical mechanisms of the musical instrument manufacturing market as a small-scale experimental setting for larger-scale industrial processes.

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Precipitation Atlas for Germany (GePrA)

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos10120737 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 737

Author(s):

Christopher Jung ◽

Dirk Schindler

Keyword(s):

Spatial Resolution ◽

Large Scale ◽

High Spatial Resolution ◽

Spline Interpolation ◽

Absolute Error ◽

Coefficient Of Determination ◽

Small Scale ◽

Monthly Precipitation ◽

New Approach ◽

Very High Spatial Resolution

A new approach for modeling daily precipitation (RR) at very high spatial resolution (25 m × 25 m) was introduced. It was used to develop the Precipitation Atlas for Germany (GePrA). GePrA is based on 2357 RR time series measured in the period 1981–2018. It provides monthly percentiles (p) of the large-scale RR patterns which were mapped by a thin plate spline interpolation (TPS). A least-squares boosting (LSBoost) approach and orographic predictor variables (PV) were applied to integrate the small-scale precipitation variability in GePrA. Then, a Weibull distribution (Wei) was fitted to RRp. It was found that the mean monthly sum of RR ( R R ¯ s u m ) is highest in July (84 mm) and lowest in April (49 mm). A great dependency of RR on the elevation (ε) was found and quantified. Model validation at 425 stations showed a mean coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.80 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of less than 10 mm in all months. The high spatial resolution, including the effects of the local orography, make GePrA a valuable tool for various applications. Since GePrA does not only describe R R ¯ s u m , but also the entire monthly precipitation distributions, the results of this study enable the seasonal differentiation between dry and wet period at small scales.

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