Can we track the long-term consequences of public-health interventions?

2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. S257
Author(s):  
J.M. Samet
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
Long Term Consequences

scholarly journals Fistula as a Public Health challenge in Pakistan

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shamoon Noushad ◽  
Shershah Syed ◽  
Sadaf Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Obstetric Fistula ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Public Health Challenge ◽  
Effective Public Health ◽  
The Impact

Aims: To explore the impact of obstetric fistula in the county and to propose effective public health interventions that can help to prevent the condition with a long-term goal of eradicating the condition. Methods: The survey and analysis included secondary data addressing women's experiences of fistula; dynamics and limitationsdetermining women's access to in healthcare facilities for fistula management; and restraintsof health professional as well as health inequities. Results: It was assessed that recently, many hospitals and organizations in the country go on board on intercessions to address the impact of the illness, however, much importance is on pinpointing and discussing the existing cases rather than focusing on public health interventions that can help to prevent and eventually eradicate the condition in Pakistan.

scholarly journals If long-term suppression is not possible, how do we minimize mortality for COVID-19 and other emerging infectious disease outbreaks?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Handel ◽  
Joel C. Miller ◽  
Yang Ge ◽  
Isaac Chun-Hai Fung
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care System ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
Infectious Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Long Time

As COVID-19 continues to spread, public health interventions are crucial to minimize its impact. The most desirable goal is to drive the pathogen quickly to extinction. This generally involves applying interventions as strongly as possible, which worked for SARS, but so far has failed for COVID-19. If fast eradication is not achievable, the next best goal is to delay the spread and minimize cases and burden on the health care system until suitable drugs or vaccines are available. This suppression approach also calls for strong interventions, potentially applied for a long time.

Canada’s multi-jurisdictional COVID-19 Public Health response – January to May 2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-105
Author(s):  
Iwona A. Bielska ◽  
Lauren Jewett ◽  
Mark Embrett ◽  
Richard Buote ◽  
Derek R. Manis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Health Response ◽  
Care Facilities

In late January 2020, the first COVID-19 case was reported in Canada. By March 5, 2020, community spread of the virus was identified and by May 26, 2020, close to 86,000 patients had COVID-19 and 6,566 had died. As COVID-19 cases increased, provincial and territorial governments announced states of public health emergency between March 13 and 20, 2020. This paper examines Canada’s public health response to the COVID-19 pandemic during the first four months (January to May 2020) by overviewing the actions undertaken by the federal (national) and regional (provincial/territorial) governments. Canada’s jurisdictional public health structures, public health responses, technological and research endeavours, and public opinion on the pandemic measures are described. As the pandemic unravelled, the federal and provincial/territorial governments unrolled a series of stringent public health interventions and restrictions, including physical distancing and gathering size restrictions; closures of borders, schools, and non-essential businesses and services; cancellations of non-essential medical services; and limitations on visitors in hospital and long-term care facilities. In late May 2020, there was a gradual decrease in the daily numbers of new COVID-19 cases seen across most jurisdictions, which has led the provinces and territories to prepare phased re-opening. Overall, the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada and the substantial amount of formative health and policy-related data being created provide an insight on how to improve responses and better prepare for future health emergencies.

scholarly journals Multilocus adaptation to vaccination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David V McLeod ◽  
Sylvain Gandon
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Genetic Mutations ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
Alternative Routes ◽  
Negative Epistasis

Pathogen adaptation to public health interventions, such as vaccination, may take tortuous routes and involve a multitude of genetic mutations acting on distinct phenotypic traits. For example, pathogens can escape the vaccine-induced immune response, or adjust their virulence so as to increase transmission in vaccinated hosts. Despite its importance for public health and vaccine efficacy, how these two adaptations jointly evolve is poorly understood. Taking a trait-centered, rather than variant-centered perspective, here we elucidate the role played by epistasis and recombination, with an emphasis on the different protective effects of vaccination. Vaccines reducing transmission and/or increasing clearance generate positive epistasis between the vaccine-escape and virulence alleles, favouring strains that carry both mutations. Vaccines reducing virulence mortality generate negative epistasis, favouring strains that carry either mutation, but not both. If epistasis is positive, recombination can lead to the sequential fixation of the two mutations and prevent the transient build-up of more virulent escape strains. If epistasis is negative, recombination between loci can create an evolutionary bistability between alternative routes of adaptation, such that whichever adaptation is more accessible tends to be favoured in the long-term. More generally, our model provides a valuable framework for studying pathogen adaptation from a trait-centered view, shifting the focus away from variants.

scholarly journals Environmental drivers of Ross River virus in southeastern Tasmania, Australia: towards strengthening public health interventions

2011 ◽  
Vol 140 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. WERNER ◽  
S. GOATER ◽  
S. CARVER ◽  
G. ROBERTSON ◽  
G. R. ALLEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Ross River Virus ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
Preventative Measures ◽  
Lag Period

SUMMARYIn Australia, Ross River virus (RRV) is predominantly identified and managed through passive health surveillance. Here, the proactive use of environmental datasets to improve community-scale public health interventions in southeastern Tasmania is explored. Known environmental drivers (temperature, rainfall, tide) of the RRV vector Aedes camptorhynchus are analysed against cumulative case records for five adjacent local government areas (LGAs) from 1993 to 2009. Allowing for a 0- to 3-month lag period, temperature was the most significant driver of RRV cases at 1-month lag, contributing to a 23·2% increase in cases above the long-term case average. The potential for RRV to become an emerging public health issue in Tasmania due to projected climate changes is discussed. Moreover, practical outputs from this research are proposed including the development of an early warning system for local councils to implement preventative measures, such as public outreach and mosquito spray programmes.

scholarly journals An analysis of COVID-19 clusters in India

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pooja Sengupta ◽  
Bhaswati Ganguli ◽  
Sugata SenRoy ◽  
Aditya Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
Health Interventions ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Public Health Interventions ◽  
Homogeneous Groups

Abstract Background In this study we cluster the districts of India in terms of the spread of COVID-19 and related variables such as population density and the number of specialty hospitals. Simulation using a compartment model is used to provide insight into differences in response to public health interventions. Two case studies of interest from Nizamuddin and Dharavi provide contrasting pictures of the success in curbing spread. Methods A cluster analysis of the worst affected districts in India provides insight about the similarities between them. The effects of public health interventions in flattening the curve in their respective states is studied using the individual contact SEIQHRF model, a stochastic individual compartment model which simulates disease prevalence in the susceptible, infected, recovered and fatal compartments. Results The clustering of hotspot districts provide homogeneous groups that can be discriminated in terms of number of cases and related covariates. The cluster analysis reveal that the distribution of number of COVID-19 hospitals in the districts does not correlate with the distribution of confirmed COVID-19 cases. From the SEIQHRF model for Nizamuddin we observe in the second phase the number of infected individuals had seen a multitudinous increase in the states where Nizamuddin attendees returned, increasing the risk of the disease spread. However, the simulations reveal that implementing administrative interventions, flatten the curve. In Dharavi, through tracing, tracking, testing and treating, massive breakout of COVID-19 was brought under control. Conclusions The cluster analysis performed on the districts reveal homogeneous groups of districts that can be ranked based on the burden placed on the healthcare system in terms of number of confirmed cases, population density and number of hospitals dedicated to COVID-19 treatment. The study rounds up with two important case studies on Nizamuddin basti and Dharavi to illustrate the growth curve of COVID-19 in two very densely populated regions in India. In the case of Nizamuddin, the study showed that there was a manifold increase in the risk of infection. In contrast it is seen that there was a rapid decline in the number of cases in Dharavi within a span of about one month.

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