scholarly journals Total water requirements of passenger transport modes

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 94-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Stephan ◽  
Robert H. Crawford
1979 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 767-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsten Schou

Before proceeding to explore potential strategies for energy conservation in urban passenger transport, this paper presents some evidence on energy efficiencies of various transport modes and on travel behaviour under energy constraints. Knowledge of the relative energy efficiencies of different modes of transport is evidently necessary for analysing and developing policies for fuel conservation. Although the automobile does appear to be significantly more energy-intensive than public transport modes, this does not automatically indicate that a policy to attract people to public transport would lead to the maximum possible fuel savings. Available evidence on travel behaviour under energy constraints indicates that the elasticity of travel demand is very small. Increasing prices, within the range expected, are not likely to result in satisfactory fuel savings, and it is therefore necessary to consider alternative strategies. The strategies to be considered here may be outlined as follows: (1) improving fuel efficiency of automobiles by modifying driving habits, reducing speeds, improving traffic flows, and keeping vehicles properly maintained; (2) increasing efficiency of automobile travel by promoting higher occupancies; (3) attracting car travellers to public transport; (4) shifting to smaller, more fuel-efficient vehicles, changing vehicle and engine designs such as to improve the inherent fuel efficiency of the automobile; (5) technological change: new propulsion systems, alternative fuels, and rapid personal transport; (6) reducing travel needs by changing land-use patterns and improving communications. These strategies are discussed in turn and, given the available information about travel patterns and behaviour, an attempt is made to assess their likely impact. Clearly those strategies should be selected which offer the maximum potential fuel savings and which can be introduced with minimum sacrifice.


Author(s):  
Heman Das Lohano ◽  
Fateh Muhammad Marri

Water resources in Sindh province of Pakistan are under significant pressure due to increasing and conflicting water demand from municipalities for domestic users, agriculture and industries, and requirements of environmental flows. Population growth and climate change are likely to pose serious challenges to households and economic sectors that depend on water. This study estimates the present water demand from municipalities, agriculture and industries, and its future projections by the year 2050 in Sindh. The study also evaluates the impact of climate change on sectoral water demand and assesses the water requirements for the environmental flows. The results show that presently the total water demand for these sectors in Sindh is 44.06 Million Acre Feet (MAF). Agriculture is the largest consumer of water, accounting for 95.24 percent of the total water demand. Municipal water demand accounts for 2.61 percent while industrial water demand accounts for 1.88 percent. The demand for water in these sectors is expected to rise by 10 percent from 2018 to 2050. Moreover, depending on climate change scenario, the total water demand in these three sectors is likely to rise by 16 to 25 percent from 2018 to 2050. In additions, water requirements for the environmental flows have been indicated as 10 MAF in the National Water Accord of 1991. The findings of this study call for policy measures and strategies for management of water resources in Sindh.


Author(s):  
Latief Ahmad ◽  
Sameera Qayoom ◽  
Baseerat Afroza ◽  
Owais A. Bhat ◽  
Nighat Mushtaq

Studies on water balance and irrigation at agricultural areas require accurate values of reference evapotranspiration. The values obtained can help farmers to determine the water requirement of these vegetable crops so that proper irrigation can be applied according to its growth stage and weather condition. The objective of this study was to calculate water requirements for four Solanaceous vegetable crops: Tomato, Potato, Chilli and Brinjal grown in temperate conditions of Kashmir Valley. Water requirements were calculated using the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith Method. The total water requirement for tomato, potato, chilli and brinjal was found 458 mm, 286 mm, 343 mm and 410 mm respectively. The maximum water was required by all crops during the mid-season stage comprising nearly 45-60% of the total water requirement of the crop.


2019 ◽  
Vol 294 ◽  
pp. 04008
Author(s):  
Olga Ozerova ◽  
Petro Yanovsky ◽  
Viktoriia Yanovska ◽  
Sergiy Lytvynenko ◽  
Larysa Lytvynenko ◽  
...  

In the article the estimation of the interaction level between urban passenger transport and city train was made using the systems approach through application of modern methods of developing adequate easy-to-use mathematical models. Applying the systems approach, the transport node was considered as a comprehensive object, which is a single entity. It was identified that the transport node efficiency depends on the interaction level of the structure and its technology with the passenger traffic that requires designing a rational structure of the node and providing the technological interaction setting. The flow chart of determination the indicators of urban passenger transport modes’ operation was proposed in order to improve the passenger service quality by increasing the level of interaction of urban passenger transport modes with each other, also the system of efficient use of urban transport means was developed. The system of criteria for assessing the level of interaction between urban passenger transport and city train was implemented, which consists of criteria for the individual assessment of urban passenger transport and city train and criteria for their system interoperability, including consideration of the system quality from the passenger’s point of view.


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