ABSTRACT
The nuclear export protein (NEP) serves multiple functions in the life cycle of influenza A virus (IAV). Identifying novel host proteins that interact with NEP and understanding their functions in IAV replication are of great interest. In this study, we screened and confirmed the direct interaction of G protein pathway suppressor 2 (GPS2) with NEP through a yeast two-hybrid screening assay and glutathione S-transferase pulldown and coimmunoprecipitation assays. Knockdown or knockout of GPS2 enhanced IAV titers, whereas overexpression of GPS2 impaired IAV replication, demonstrating that GPS2 acted as a negative host factor in IAV replication. Meanwhile, GPS2 inhibited viral RNA synthesis by reducing the assembly of IAV polymerase. Interestingly, IAV NEP interacted with GPS2 and mediated its nuclear export, thereby activating the degradation of GPS2. Thus, NEP-GPS2 interaction weakened the inhibition of GPS2 to viral polymerase activity and benefited virus replication. Overall, this study identified the novel NEP-binding host partner GPS2 as a critical host factor to participate in IAV replication. These findings provided novel insights into the interactions between IAV and host cells, revealing a new function for GPS2 during IAV replication.
IMPORTANCE NEP is proposed to play multiple biologically important roles in the life cycle of IAV, which largely relies on host factors by interaction. Our study demonstrated that GPS2 could reduce the interaction between polymerase basic 1 (PB1) and PB2 and interfere with viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) assembly. Thus, GPS2 inhibited the RNA synthesis of IAV and negatively regulated its replication. Importantly, IAV NEP interacted with GPS2 and mediated the nuclear export of GPS2, thereby activating the degradation of GPS2. Thus, NEP-GPS2 interaction weakened the inhibition of GPS2 to viral polymerase activity and benefited virus replication.
Inhibition of CRM1-mediated nuclear export of influenza A nucleoprotein and nuclear export protein as a novel target for antiviral drug development
