The Newcastle disease virus (NDV) matrix (M) protein is the pivotal element for viral assembly, budding and proliferation. It traffics through the cellular nucleus but performs its primary function in the cytoplasm. To investigate the biological importance of M’s nuclear–cytoplasmic trafficking and the mechanism involved, the regulatory motif nuclear export signal (NES) and nuclear localization signal (NLS) were deeply analyzed. Here, two types of combined NLS and NES signals were identified within NDV-M. The Herts/33-type M was found to mediate efficient nuclear export and stable virus-like particle (VLP) release, while the LaSota-type M was mostly retained in the nuclei and showed retarded VLP production. Two critical residues, 247 and 263, within the motif were identified and associated with nuclear export efficiency. We identified, for the first time, residue 247 as an important monoubiquitination site, the modification of which regulates the nuclear–cytoplasmic trafficking of NDV-M. Subsequently, mutant LaSota strains were rescued via reverse genetics, which contained either single or double amino acid substitutions that were similar to the M of Herts/33. The rescued rLaSota strains rLaSota-R247K, -S263R, and -DM (double mutation) showed about twofold higher HA titers and 10-fold higher EID
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titers than wild-type (wt) rLaSota. Further, the MDT and ICPI values of those recombinant viruses were slightly higher than that of wt rLaSota probably due to their higher proliferation rates. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of the replication and pathogenicity of NDV, and even those of all other paramyxoviruses. It is beneficial for the development of vaccines and therapies for paramyxoviruses.
Importance
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a pathogen that is lethal to birds and causes heavy losses in the poultry industry worldwide. The World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) ranked ND as the third most significant poultry disease and the eighth most important wildlife disease in the World Livestock Disease Atlas in 2011. The matrix (M) protein of NDV is very important for viral assembly and maturation. It is interesting that M proteins enter the cellular nucleus before performing their primary function in the cytoplasm. We found that NDV-M has a combined nuclear import and export signal. The ubiquitin modification of a lysine residue within this signal is critical for quick, efficient nuclear export and subsequent viral production. Our findings shed new light on viral replication and opens up new possibilities for therapeutics against NDV and other paramyxoviruses; furthermore, we demonstrate a novel approach to improving paramyxovirus vaccines.
Production of Newcastle Disease Virus by Vero Cells Grown on Cytodex 1 Microcarriers in a 2-Litre Stirred Tank Bioreactor
