Interferon-mediated enhancement of in vitro replication of porcine circovirus type 2 is influenced by an interferon-stimulated response element in the PCV2 genome

2009 ◽  
Vol 145 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Ramamoorthy ◽  
F.F. Huang ◽  
Y.W. Huang ◽  
X.J. Meng
Keyword(s):  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Response Element ◽  
In Vitro Replication ◽  
Pcv2 Genome

scholarly journals Conformational Changes and Nuclear Entry of Porcine Circovirus without Disassembly

2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (20) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huijuan Wang ◽  
Kailun Zhang ◽  
Cui Lin ◽  
Jianwei Zhou ◽  
Yulan Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Viral Genome ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Nuclear Targeting ◽  
Early Endosomes ◽  
Pcv2 Genome ◽  
Infectious Cycle

ABSTRACT A relatively stable and flexible capsid is critical to the viral life cycle. However, the capsid dynamics and cytosol trafficking of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) during its infectious cycle are poorly understood. Here, we report the structural stability and conformation flexibility of PCV2 virions by genome labeling and the use of three monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the native capsid of PCV2. Genome labeling showed that the infectivity of the PCV2 virion was not affected by conjugation with deoxy-5-ethynylcytidine (EdC). Heat stability experiments indicated that PCV2 capsids started to disassemble at 65°C, causing binding incompetence for all antibodies, and the viral genome was released without capsid disassembly upon heating at 60°C. Antibody binding experiments with PCV2 showed that residues 186 to 192 were concealed in the early endosomes of epithelial PK-15 and monocytic 3D4/31 cells with or without chloroquine treatment and then exposed in PK-15 cytosol and the 3D4/31 nucleus. Viral propagation and localization experiments showed that PCV2 replication and cytosol trafficking were not significantly affected by microtubule depolymerization in monocytic 3D4/31 cells treated with nocodazole. These findings demonstrated that nuclear targeting of viral capsids involved conformational changes, the PCV2 genome was released from the assembled capsid, and the transit of PCV2 particles was independent of microtubules in 3D4/31 cells. IMPORTANCE Circovirus is the smallest virus known to replicate autonomously. Knowledge of viral genome release may provide understanding of viral replication and a method to artificially inactivate viral particles. Currently, little is known about the release model of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). Here, we report the release of the PCV2 genome from assembled capsid and the intracellular trafficking of infectious PCV2 by alterations in the capsid conformation. Knowledge of PCV2 capsid stability and dynamics is essential to understanding its infectious cycle and lays the foundation for discovering powerful targets for therapeutic and prophylactic intervention.

scholarly journals Characterisation of porcine circovirus type 2 in porcine circovirus disease cases in England and Wales

2017 ◽  
Vol 182 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia S Grierson ◽  
Dirk Werling ◽  
Cornelia Bidewell ◽  
Susanna Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
The World ◽  
Partial Fragment ◽  
Pcv2 Genome

Confirmed cases of porcine circovirus disease (PCVD) in Great Britain have shown a steady decline since the availability of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccines. However, PCVD is still occasionally diagnosed. The authors carried out a genotyping study to characterise PCV2 associated with confirmed PCVD cases in England and Wales from 2011 to January 2016 (n=65). A partial fragment of PCV2 genome encompassing ORF2 was amplified and sequenced from 45 cases of PCVD. The majority of sequences were genotype PCV2b but four sequences were PCV2d. The significance of the emergence of PCV2d in England and elsewhere in the world is not yet known, although it does appear to represent an ongoing global genotype shift.

scholarly journals Identification and Functional Analysis of the Novel ORF4 Protein Encoded by Porcine Circovirus Type 2

2012 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 1420-1429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jialing He ◽  
Jingjing Cao ◽  
Niu Zhou ◽  
Yulan Jin ◽  
Jiusheng Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Lymphocytes ◽  
Flow Cytometric Analysis ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽  
Site Directed Mutagenesis ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Viral Gene ◽  
Orf4 Protein ◽  
Pcv2 Genome

ABSTRACTPorcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the primary causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated diseases in pigs. To date, viral proteins Cap, Rep, Rep′, and ORF3, encoded by the PCV2 genome, have been described. Here, transcription and translation of a novel viral gene within the PCV2 genome (designated ORF4) was determined and functionally analyzedin vitroandin vivo. Northern blot analysis indicated that the RNA transcribed from the ORF4 gene is about 180 bp in length and overlaps ORF3 in the same direction. Site-directed mutagenesis confirmed that the viral ORF4 protein is not essential for virus replication in PK-15 cells and in mice infected with an ORF4-deficient PCV2 (PCV2Δ). PCV2Δ triggered higher activity levels of caspase-3 and -8 than wild-type PCV2 (wPCV2) in PK-15 cells. The antigenic epitopes of two mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) raised against the viral ORF4 protein were mapped to the same 19KSSASPR25 peptide. Expression of ORF4 was confirmed using the specific MAbs in wPCV2-infected PK-15 cells and mice. Mice infected with PCV2Δ had a higher serum viral load (genomic copies) and more severe lymphoid tissue damage in the spleen than those infected with wPCV2. Meanwhile, flow-cytometric analysis indicated that the PCV2Δ infection caused a significant decrease of CD4+and CD8+T lymphocytes. Our results demonstrate that ORF4 is a newly discovered viral protein that is not essential for PCV2 replication but plays a role in suppressing caspase activity and regulating CD4+and CD8+T lymphocytes during PCV2 infection.

Efficacy of different disinfectants in vitro against porcine circovirus type 2

2009 ◽  
Vol 164 (19) ◽  
pp. 599-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Kim ◽  
K. S. Lyoo ◽  
H. S. Joo
Keyword(s):  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽  
Porcine Circovirus

scholarly journals Genomic Rearrangement and Recombination of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 and Porcine Circovirus-Like Virus P1 in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Libin Wen ◽  
Kongwang He
Keyword(s):  
Genome Rearrangement ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type ◽  
Porcine Circovirus Type 2 ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Generic Term

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) belongs to the genus Circovirus of the family Circoviridae, and it has been associated with porcine circovirus (associated) disease (PCVD or PCVAD) in pigs. PCVAD is the generic term for a series of disease syndromes that have caused economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. Since the discovery of PCV2 in the late 1990s, the virus has continued to evolve, and novel genotypes have continued to appear. Moreover, there has been recombination between different genotypes of PCV2. This review attempts to illustrate some progress concerning PCV2 in genome rearrangement and genomic recombination with non-PCV2-related nucleic acids, particularly focusing on the porcine circovirus-like virus P1 formed by the recombination of PCV2. The presence of rearranged PCV2 genomes can be demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro, and these subviral molecules ranged from 358 to 1,136 bp. Depending on whether it has the ability to encode a protein, the agents formed by PCV2 recombination can be divided into two categories: porcine circovirus-like viruses and porcine circovirus-like mini agents. We mainly discuss the porcine circovirus-like virus P1 regarding genomic characterization, etiology, epidemiology, and pathogenesis. Further research needs to be conducted on the pathogenicity of other porcine circovirus-like viruses and porcine circovirus-like mini agents and the effects of their interactions with PCV2, especially for the porcine circovirus-like mini agents that do not have protein-coding functions in the genome.

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