ABSTRACTThe exfoliative toxin (ET) is a major virulence factor ofStaphylococcus aureusthat causes bullous impetigo and its disseminated form, staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome (SSSS). ET selectively digests one of the intracellular adhesion molecules, desmoglein 1, of epidermal keratinocytes and causes blisters due to intraepidermal cell-cell dissociation. MostS. aureusstrains that cause blistering disease produce either ETA or ETB. They are serologically distinct molecules, where ETA is encoded on a phage genome and ETB is enocded on a large plasmid. ETA-producingS. aureusstrains are frequently isolated from impetigo patients, and ETB-producingS. aureusstrains are isolated from SSSS. ET-induced blister formation can be reproduced with the neonatal mouse. To determine the regulatory mechanism of ET production, we investigated the role of the two-component systems and global regulators foretaoretbexpressionin vitroandin vivowith the mouse model. Western blot and transcription analyses using a series of mutants demonstrate ETA production was downregulated bysigB,sarS, andsarA, while ETB production was downregulated bysigBandsarAbut not bysarS. Production of both toxins is upregulated bysaeRS,arlRS, andagrCA. Furthermore, by thein vivoneonatal mouse model,sigBandsarSbut notsarAnegatively regulate the exfoliation activity of the ETA-producing strain, whilesarAnegatively regulates the ETB-producing strain. In both strains,saeRS,arlRS, andagrCApositively regulate the exfoliation activityin vivo. The data illustrate similar but distinct regulatory mechanisms for ETA and ETB productionin S. aureus in vitroas well asin vivo.
Comparative analysis of in vivo and in vitro AAV vector transduction in the neonatal mouse retina: Effects of serotype and site of administration
